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COMPLIMENTS OF 

9JSSENGE^ OETA'R TMENT, 
GSSEAT r:IO:2THEKI^ RAILWAY, 

4.5 SOUTH THIRD STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



J 



Across America 



"GREAT NORTHERN" 



^^|-0)_^X - r J■:f■JJrdLhy-Y^^ VMUJO^f^^- 



FIRST EDITION. 



CHICAGO: 
Rand, McXallv & Co., Prixters and Engravers. 

1899. 






50872 



Copyright, 1899, by F. I. Whitney, 

G. P. and T. A. Great Northern Railway, 

St. Paul, Minn. 






A- 



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Of WKSW''^. 



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Buffalo, N.Y, to Duluth, Minn. 

VIA Northern Steamship Company. 

1,072 MILES. 




LMOST all the railway lines from New 
England and Eastern States connect 
at Buffalo, New York State, with the 
Northern Steamship Company for 
points on the Great Lakes, the Northwest, and 
the Pacific Coast. There are numerous daily 
trains between New York, Boston, and Buffalo, 
most of which land passengers in Buffalo at an 
hour which permits of leisurely sight-seeing and 
allows abundant time for transfer to steamer. 
_ a , ^ There is much of interest in 

x,o7. miles from Duiuth. ^his bcautiful city, and nothing 

Altitude, =;7^ feet. ■ • i i i -i -j^ 

Population, 335,709. IS morc enjoyable while wait- 

ing for sailing time of the steamer, than a tour 
through the clean, smooth asphalt streets, the 
most famous in the world in this respect. 

Buffalo was settled in 1801. At that time the 
now almost extinct American c|uadruped, the 
bison, commonly called "buffalo," was abundant 
in the district and gave the name to the city. 
It is the third city of the State of New York, 
called the "Empire State." Its trade in grain, 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 










h\ 



Buffalo Is Wonderfully Attractiue. 

coal, iron, lumber, and manufactured products is 
prodigious. 

The immense new steel elevator of the Great 
Northern Railway, completed in the fall of 1897, 
is well worth a visit. It is built on an entirely 
new principle, and is a vast improvement over old 
style elevator systems. The entire building is of 
steel and brick, absolutely fireproof. Its sixty 
metal tanks have a combined storage capacity of 
over 3,000,000 bushels of wheat. The walls of 
these tanks are from one-quarter to one-half inch 
in thickness of solid steel. The building is sup- 
plied with every latest device for the rapid and 
safe handling of whole fleet loads of grain, and 
almost all the machinery is driven by electricity 
derived from the tunnel at Niagara Falls, twenty- 
three miles distant. 

Buffalo has been called a " Venice run by 
steam," but is being rapidly transformed into a 
city of electricity. The recent introduction of 

4 



ACROSS AMERICA 

electrical power, from the Niagara Falls generat- 
ing station, has worked miracles amongst the 
whirring flywheels of the busy city. The two 
most attractive features of Buffalo in the eyes of 
strangers are Niagara Falls and the shipping. 
The big cataract is reached by electric cars in 
about thirty minutes' run and should be visited 
without fail. In addition to the enormous lake 
shipping which clusters around its water front, 
Buffalo is the terminus of the Erie Canal ; here 
center great railway systems, here are man}^ 
enormous elevators and huge iron and steel 
cranes, jauntily balanced on pivots and reaching 
out long gaunt arms over trains and steamers. 
Whole weeks of delight could be spent at Buf- 
falo, the city of parks and asphalt drives, the 
"Paradise of Cyclers," but sailing hour is imper- 
ative, and the docks of the Northern Steamship 
Company become the objective point. 




GREA r NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



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Electric Cars Run to the Whirlpool Rapids. 

Here alongside wharves of massive masonry 
and piling- lie, twice a week, the world's most 
magnificent fresh-water steamships — the peerless 
"North West" and "North Land." To attempt 
a complete description of these floating palaces 
in all their wonderful details of construction, 
operation, etc., would overflow the limits of this 
book. On the opposite page is a bow view of the 
"North West" under steam, with a few flgures 
giving dimensions, etc., and the following brief 
paragraphs may prove interesting : 

The Northern Steamship Company is an in- 
tegral and important part of the Great Northern 
Railway system. In addition to the passenger 
service, it operates a fleet of six large freight 
steamships of 3,000 tons burden each, bearing 
the attractive names of " North Star," " North 



ACROSS A AI ERICA 

Wind," "Northern King," " Nortliern Queen," 
"Northern Light," and "Northern Wave." 
These are the finest vessels of their class and 
carry enormous cargoes of grain from Duluth and 
West Superior to Cleveland and Buffalo. They 
will be seen during the trip up the lakes and 
should be carefully noted. 




The Pride of the Great Lakes. 

The "North West" and "North Land," 5,500 
tons each, were designed and are used exclusively 
and only for passengers, not an ounce of freight 
being allowed on the boats. They were built at 
Cleveland, in 1894 and 1895 respectively, at an 
expense of nearly one million dollars each, are 
almost double the size of the next largest vessels 
on the Great Lakes, and absolutely without a 
rival in every respect. The order for the vessels 

7 



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) :1 



JH -|^ 



ACROSS AMERICA 

specified that they should be the " fastest, largest, 
safest, and most comfortable vessels that could be 
made." They possess several peculiar properties; 
amongst others the flexible water-ballast system 
that permits of sinking the ships to the depth 
required to insure the greatest speed and safety 
in the deep lakes, and of floating them easily and 
surely over the shallow bars of the connecting 
rivers. This system made possible the construc- 
tion of ships of a size and magnificence hitherto 
quite unattainable. Before mentioning other 
features, a glance at a few cold figures may be of 
interest. The hull contains over 1,500 tons of 
steel, 145 tons of iron, 81^ tons of rivets. Cabins 
and deckwork absorbed 50,679 cubic feet of 
timber and several tons of nails. To paint the 
hull alone required 15 tons of paint and 30 barrels 
of oil. There are 28 boilers in which are 4,032 
tubes with a combined length of 4^ miles. 
They use 70 tons of water per hour, and on a 
round trip convert into steam a quarter of a mile 
of water 25 feet wide and 9 feet deep. The 
engines employ 65 steam cylinders, 26 pump 
cylinders, and 6 centrifugal pumps. Propellers 
turn 120 times every minute, and at each 
revolution move the ship 17 feet or 22 miles 
an hour. This can be increased under pressure 
to 27 miles, the speed of an ordinary passenger 
train. 

There are 4^ miles of steam and water pipe 
in each steamer, and 26 miles of electric wire, 
supplying 1,200 i6-candlepower electric lights. 
The lamps exceed by 300 the number on the 

9 



ACROSS AMERICA 

largest ocean steamship ; the electric searchlight 
on deck has 100,000-candlepower and was used 
on the Liberal Arts Building at the World's Fair 
in Chicago. 

The commissary order for a round trip in- 
cludes 3,000 pounds of beef, 5^4 barrels of flour, 
450 pounds of butter, 500 gallons of milk, 40 
gallons of cream, 450 dozen of eggs, etc. The 
refrigerating plant manufactures 1,000 pounds of 
ice every clay. 

The engines are simply marvels, but space 
does not permit of their description. 

The completeness and elegance of the ap- 
pointments on these boats surpass anything ever 
before attempted on the lakes. The decorations 
and fittings alone cost more than the complete 
construction of some old-time passenger steam- 
ers. The conventional white and gold is con- 
spicuous by its absence, and rich Cuban mahog- 
any, artistic relief work, and magnificent fresco- 
ing, delight the most exquisite taste on every side. 

Arrangements for the safety of life in case of 
the well-nigh impossible occurrence of an acci- 
dent, are most ample. Lifeboats, liferafts, and 
life-saving apparatus beyond the strictest require- 
ment of any naval board are provided in quantity 
more than sufficient to care for every member of 
both passengers and crew. Electric signal lights 
are provided with special safety appliances which 
render their extinguishing a practical impossi- 
bility. 

On arrival at the docks passengers are im- 
pressed by the majestic lines of the huge steam- 
11 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A V 

ship, the polished brass work, uniformed crew, and 
three great funnels. 

The first thing- to be done on going aboard is 
to call at the clerk's office and get key and loca- 
tion of stateroom. 

Tickets are collected before passengers go 
ashore. 

The electric lights in the staterooms are 
turned on and olf the same as gas. 

If anything is wanted while in the stateroom, 
it is only necessary to touch the electric button 
and any request will be promptly attended to. 

Baggage is to be found in charge of a porter, 
in a spacious baggage room abaft of the engine 
room. At all times, day or night, access can be 
had to trunks and valises stored here. vSteamer 
trunks are allowed in staterooms. 

. . . GOING WEST . . . 

„,,^„ . ^ ^ ( 10 15 P. M.— Eastern Standard Time. 
Leave BUFFALO - 

( 9.1.5 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

^^ North /-a;/a' "— Tuesdays. 
'' No7-th W-Vj-/ "— Fridays. 

. . . GOING EAST. . . 

. . „.,.„_.,_( 9.30 A. M.— Central standard Time. 
Arrive BUFFALO - 

( 10. .30 .A. M.— Eastern Standard Time. 

'■'■ JVort/i Land"— Tuesdays. 
" iVor/A West"— Fridays. 

Promptly on schedule time, and without any 
of the clamor of an ocean liner, the great vessel 
glides smoothly and easily down the narrow 
stream that forms the harbor of Buffalo. The 
small tugs to be seen at bow and stern are the 
motive power. There is always a crowd on deck 
and dock to bid the vessel " hoii voyage,'' and 

12 



{ 









A CROSS A M ERICA 

it is treated to electric flashlight pictures of tow- 
ering- elevators, huge warehouses, and gaunt 
black coal trestles. After a short distance the 
lines are cast off, the tugs whistle their good-by, 
electric bells tinkle from engine room and bridge, 
the powerful quadruple engines commence to 
move, and the trip of a lifetime is fairly begun. 

Buffalo rapidly becomes a pyramid of twink- 
ling stars. 

Those points of light on the Canadian side 
mark Fort Erie, a favorite resort. Farther away 
is Crystal Beach, and opposite on the American 
side is Woodlawn Beach, all well-known summer 
haunts between which and Buffalo ply innu- 
merable sinall excursion steamers. As the speed 
increases, Buffalo fades into the distance. The 
famous ship's orchestra has already commenced 
to play, and the soft strains of the excellent 
music invite deck strollers into the saloon. It 
is not long, however, until visions of comfort- 
able staterooms hold full sway and passengers 
peacefully slumber, while up above the red and 
green lights glitter to port and starboard, and 
watchful eyes guide the great vessel over the 
dim waters. 

. . . GOING WEST . . . 

Arrive CLEVELAND 8 00 A. M.— Central Standard Time. 
Leave CLEVELAND 8.30 A. M.— Central Standard Time. 

^'' Noi'th ZflWif "~ Wednesdays. 

" North West "— vSaturdays. 

. . .GOING EAST. . . 

Arrive CLEVELAND 10.20 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

Leave CLEVELAND 10.45 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

" JVort/i Land"— Mondays. 

''^ North ff^^J/ " — Thursdays. 

1. 13 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



CI PVrLAND ^ glance from the window in 

175 miles from Buffalo, the early moming" reveals the 

8g7 miles from Duluth. , . ^ , 

Altitude, 573 feet. wiQC expanse of water glorined 

Population, 300,000. 

by the rising sun. Sunrise on 
Lake Erie, never to be forgotten. Huge banks 
of smoke in the distance announce the busy 
birthplace of the "North West" and "North 
Land " — Cleveland, considered by many the most 
beautiful city on the lakes. The smoky effect 
adds to the beauty of the early morning picture 
and is a reminder of the many noted factories of 
the important city. Breakfast is served from 7.00 
to 11.00 A. M., and as the steamer stops half an 
hour at Cleveland, an early breakfast permits j 
an opportunity of seeing the city. Coming on 
.■; deck the first glance rests 

on the beautiful Garfield 
Monument, located on a 
hill 250 feet above the 
lake. It is plainly to be j 
seen from the deck of " 
the steamer. The tomb 
stands on a reserved plat 
of 2^ acres in Lake' View 
Cemetery. 

Two tugs escort the 
steamer through the beau- 
tiful harbor entrance, past 

GarfiM Monument. HghthOUSCS OU thC CUds 

of the huge breakwaters and in sight of the oldl 
white lighthouse, on the top of the bluff, which 
was formerly a well-known guide for mariners, 
but is now only a memory. Fifteen or more 

U 




ACROSS AMERICA 

years ago on a stormy night, the range lights 
on the breakwater refused to shine. A schooner 
attempting to enter was lost, and gave the evan- 
gelist P. P. Bliss, who was present, a text for 
his famous hymn " Let the Lower Lights be 
Burninof." 




Cleueland is ceil ted "The Forest City." 

Cleveland, named for Gen. Moses Cleaveland, 
agent of the Connecticut Land Company and 
settled by New Englanders in 1796, has now 
a population of 300,000, a great network of rail- 
roads and an immense commerce in iron, lumber, 
coal, and oil. Its business and manufacturing 
center offers scenes of most fascinating interest. 
Huge viaducts cross the deep valley through 
which runs the main water artery of the city, the 
Cuyahoga River. Here are bridge works, iron 
works, iron smelters, and other plants of impor- 
tance. Those bursts of flame at irregular inter- 
vals come from immense reduction furnaces. 
The beauty of Cleveland lies in her wide streets 
■z 15 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V. 




and palatial homes. The abundance of shade 
trees and parks has given to her the sobriquet of 
"Forest City." On the noble bluff rising from 
the water lies the beautiful Lake View Cemeter)^ 

Euclid Avenue, 
" the street of 
millionaires," 
is lined with 
gardens and 
pretty homes. 
Wade Park and 
Gordon Park 
are famed for 

Wade Park. Cleueland. their bcaUty, 

and the Public Square, with its statues and the 
old historic lighthouse, should be visited by 
everyone. Commodore Perry's Statue attracts 
much attention from visitors. 

At Cleveland the vessel takes on an increased 
complement of passengers as this is the natural 
starting-place of the traveler from Pittsburg, 
Cincinnati, and the South. Notice the novel 
method of loading coal on vessels in the harbor, 
a whole car being lifted and the coal dumped into 
the hold of the vessel quicker than a ton can be 
chuted into your cellar. 

Leaving the harbor, Cleveland looms up in the 
full daylight in her true proportions, a magnifi- 
cent city. Lake craft of all sizes and shapes is 
coming in. Salutes of three whistles screech on 
every side. Everyone seems interested in " the 
big boat." The steamer passes everything no 
matter in which direction it may be moving. The 

16 



i 



ACROSS AMERICA 



morning- panorama is one of endlessly beautiful 
variety. Those huge hotels and observatory 
spindles mark the site of historic Put-in-Bay. 
There Com. Oliver Hazard Perry, on the loth of 
September, 1813, waited for the English officer, 
Barclay, and from here, after his victory, he sent 
his famous and laconic message — "Dear General: 
We have met the enemy and they are ours — two 
ships, two brigs, two schooners, and one sloop. 
With esteem, O. H. P." The steamer crosses 
the identical spot where occurred the great fight. 
Kelly's and Put-in-Bay islands are famous for 
Catawba grapes and building stone. 

This is the direct route of the lake commerce, 
■the volume of which an Eastern man learns of 
with astonishment. Although navigation is open 
only eight months in the year, there is by 
official record more tonnage passing down the 
lakes than enters, in twelve months, London, 

the largest port in the 
world. Much interest at- 
taches to the craft that 
pass the steamer. Those 
- propellers with engine 



¥M 




Woodward Avenue, Detroit. 

17 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

far astern are old wooden ships now almost 
obsolete. The boats with smokestacks amid 
ship are new steel freight ships of modern 
type. Close observation will be rewarded by 
making- out the freight ships of the Northern 
Steamship Company. Most common of all are 
the tows or lines of vessels like a train of cars. 
These are schooners and tow barges that help 
themselves by sail when the wind is favorable, 
but never cast loose from the steamer ahead. 
They keep together the whole season, carrying 
coal up and wheat down, to and from Duluth, 
West Superior, Chicago, and Milwaukee in the 
West, and Buffalo, Cleveland, and Ogdensburg, 
via the Welland Canal, in the East. Occasionally 
a large ocean-sized sailing vessel may be seen 
sailing alone. They are invariably schooners. 
All square-rigged craft vanished from the lakes 
before the war. Of passenger steamers there 
are hundreds, for Lake Erie is full of islands 
and a perfect pleasure ground. 

A grand lonely lighthouse on the left, Bar 
Point Light, marks a turning point, and swing- 
ing to the north the steamer enters the majestic 
Strait of Detroit. A curious change has been 
going on in the meanwhile under the feet of the 
passengers. Out in the lake the vessel was deep 
in the water, like ocean vessels, now she grad- 
ually rises as the pumps force out the water bal- 
last, and soon becomes in effect a light-draft 
river steamer. This device is responsible for the 
revolution in late ship building, inaugurated by 
the " North West " and " North Land." Just as 

18 



ACROSS AMERICA 

the perfection of the passenger elevator made tall 
buildings a possibility, so the use of adjustable 
water ballast made possible- the construction of 
such immense ships on these lakes. Heretofore 
the mitre sill at the Soo Locks, as well as the 
shallow flats of Lake St. Clair, kept the size of 
lake vessels down to those of twelve and four- 
teen feet draft. The Northern vSteamship boats, 
whose speed and stability in the open lakes could 
never be secured with such light draft, have 
solved the difficulty with water ballast. 

The Detroit River is a panorama of great 
beauty. The channel is studded with islands, of 
which Father Hennepin said, in 1679, "they are 
the finest in the world." Summer villas dot 
their shores. The sharp-eyed traveler may dis- 
cover now and then old blockhouses, remnants 
of the warlike days of 100 years ago, and occa- 
sionally the dismantled towers of windmills fully 
as ancient. This noble stream possesses great 
historic interest. At its mouth, on the Canadian 
shore, lies the picturesque town of Amherstburg, 
with a captured Yankee cannon in her public 
square. The little town enjoyed a prominent 
reputation during Fenian times. Her streets lie 
open to view from the high decks of the steamer. 
Old Fort Maiden may be made out behind the 
town. 

There are a few reminders of the stirring times 
of "twelve and thirteen" still visible to those with 
observant eyes. Off the port side of the steamer 
on " Sugar Island," the passenger will see in the 
middle of a field, and used as a stable, one of 

19 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

the old blockhouses above mentioned, pierced 
with rifle shots. Bo3^s still dig bullets out of 
the logs with their jackknives. Here is where 
Harriet Beecher Stowe had Eliza and Harris, 
in the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin, first touch 
free soil. Farther up the stream on the Amer- 
ican shore is old Fort AVayne, named after Mad , 
Anthony, who fought the Indians in these re- 
gions. It is not a fighting fort now. The 
cannon frowning over the green breastworks 
are of the antiquated lots-of-bark-and-little-bite 
kind, suitable for salutes and birds' nests. At 
Grosse Isle are to be seen the villas of Detroit 
families, with trim steam yachts and pretty 
boathouses. That is Sandwich Cathedral at 
the end of the short, willow-fringed canal. On 
the American side are iron works and shipyards. 
Detroit's streets end in blue water. 




Detroit from the Harbor. 



£0 



ACROSS AMERICA 




. . . GOING WEST . . . 

Arrive DETROIT 3.45 P. M.- Central Standard Time. 
Leave DETROIT 4.15 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

'■'■North Land" — Wednesdays. 

'■'•North West "— Saturdays. 

. . .GOING EAST. . . 

Arrive DETROIT 2.45 P. M. — Central Standard Time. 
Leave DETROIT 3.15 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

'■^ North Land'' — Mondays. 
'■^ North W^,?i-^ "— Thursdays. 



ROIT " The City of the Straits," the 

;^rmnesfromgufuth.- nextport of call, lies twenty 
Popuiat1on"26s^ooo. miles from Lake Erie and seven 
from Lake St. Clair. It has a population of 
265,000 and is the chief city of Michigan. 
Three trunk lines of railway ferry their trains 
across the river here to their terminus in Wind- 
sor. Summer and winter the huge transports 
ply back and forth with their loads of freight 
and passenger trains. The internal business of 
the city is extensive, consisting of wholesale 
trade, furniture factories, stove works, tobacco- 
manufactories, car works, shipyards, and copper 
smelters. The streets of the city are of great 
beauty, the street and boulevard system now in 
process of perfection being widely famed. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



Detroit sends her products all over the world. 
The Russian car ferries used across the Balkan 
Gulf were built here, her stoves and ranges glow 
in every city and hamlet, her cars run across the 
Brooklyn Bridge, Detroit injectors are used in 
thousands of locomotives. The water front is] 
nine miles long and is diversified by a fleet of 
most picturesque craft — the railroad ferry, the 
old white "transit" boats, the quaint wood barges] 
from the sleepy Chanatlle Ecarte, the Grosse] 
Point "mosquito fleet." 

At the upper end of the city, joined by a] 
long handsome 
bridge, is Belle 
Isle — Detroit's 
inland park, one 
of the loveliest 





Car Ferries at Detroit. 



22 




^^' ■ 7-P' 



Belle Isle and Waterworks Park, Detroit. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 




Waterworks Park. 



spots in America. It was planned by Frederick 
Law Olmstead. Its beauty consists of its mead- 
ows, woods, and winding canals. Fifteen miles 
of watery streets thread their way 
."^Sf^,---;: , among the trees. The 

boat livery is the 
largest in the world, 
not excepting Ven- 
ice. The steamer 
glides past Peche 
Island, the old home 
of the Indian war- 
rior Tecumseh, now 
owned by Hiram Walker ; past Grosse Point, 
famous for horse races and fish dinners, and out 
into the smallest and shallowest of the chain of 
lakes. La Salle entered it upon the day of 
"Our Ladye Sainte Claire," and so it received 
its baptism. Saint Clair, the thronging Detroit 
yachtsmen call it now. Where the shallow bars 
have been cut by a narrow canal protected by 
wooden piers, is entered the famed St. Clair 
Flats — picturesque "Little Venice," as called by 
the Century Magazine. 

Hundreds of summer homes, club houses 
without end, all built on piles. It is a city of but 
one street — the river, and along but a single side 
it stretches for miles and miles. Fine and 
frequent steamers communicate with near-by 
Michigan cities. All summer is one whirl of 
gayety. By day, fishing, swimming, sailing ; by 
night, music, dancing, illuminations. And all the 
while the swiftest, sweetest, greenest water 

U 



ACROSS AMERICA 

gurgles and flashes among the stilts. Everybody 
turns out to see the vessel go by, and handker- 
chiefs and bunting by day, lanterns and colored 
fire at night, are much in evidence. 

Farther along the marsh-like tract changes 
ito wide meadows filled with cattle and backed 
iby woods. That sleepy town, all women, with 
jwide grassy streets, is Algonac, once a famous 
trading point with extensive pilot service. 
iOn the right are Walpole and Squirrel islands. 
Marine City is where the shipyards, coal docks, 
salt wells, and barrel factories cluster. The 
Canadian shore looks asleep. From Port Lamb- 
tpn to Sarnia quiet villages doze and blink on the 
bank. Note the quaint Chanaillc Ecartc, com- 
monly called " Sui Carty " or the "Sui." Its 
banks are the dreamiest, most restful spots on 
this busy continent. 

Hotels and more hotels, and then opposite 
Stag Island, on the Canadian Shore, the little 
house where spent his last days Captain Marryatt, 
of the ship " Bellerephon," which took Napoleon to 
St. Helena. Now the steamer runs above the roof 
:)f the Grand Trunk Canal, the lights of Port Huron 
yleam on the water, and the darkness of great 
Lake Huron proclaims the end of another day. 



..Jl^_ 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

Down the center of the lake all night rushes 
the great white steamer, and in the morning 
passengers see to the south the white cliffs of 
the Bois Blanc, " Island of the White Woods," in 
the straits of Mackinac. 

That is Mackinac — the famous — that square- 
topped bluffy island rising out of the water 
straight ahead. 

. . .GOING WEST . . . 

Arrive MACKINAC ISLAND 11.15 A. M.— Central Standard Time. 
Leave MACKINAC ISLAND 11.45 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

" Nortli Land'''— Sundays. 

" North West ' '— Thursdays. 

. . GOING EAST. . . 

Arrive MACKINAC ISLAND 8.10 p.m.— Central Standard Time. 
Leave MACKINAC ISLAND 8.40 P.M.— Central Standard Time. 

^^ North Land'" — Wednesdays. 

" North West " — Stmdays. I 




'I 



hmt 



^mimmmi 




;'nACKlNAC 



Approaching the Dock 
at Mackinac Island. 

Mackinac Island belongs to the 
State of Michigan. At one time ;| 
the name was Michilimackinac, 
pronounced, if one ever suc- 
ceeded in the feat, Mish-il-e-mak-e-naw. Around !: 

26 



(Pronounced 

Mak-e-naw.) 
588 miles from Buffalo. 
484 miles from Duluth. 
Altitude, 580 feet. 




Mackinac. 

21 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



\ 



this wonderfull}^ beautiful island cluster mem- 
ories of two centuries. Here good Father. 
Marquette explored; here English and French^ 
fought for supremacy; here John Jacob Astor 
laid the foundation of the colossal family for- 
tune. Through the narrow lanes have gone 
courrieiirs dii bois, voyagcurs, Hudson Bay fur 
traders, French troopers, British dragoons, Amer- 
ican soldiers. The cross of St. George and the 
lilies of the Bourbons successively waved over 
that old crumbling fort on the hill, but in 1814 
the Stars and Stripes swung to the breeze and 
still reign supreme. The natural scenery of 
Mackinac is unique. The geologist finds a fas- 
cination in the island as does also the botanist; 
while the lover of the weird and grand finds 

in the " arched rock," 
"lover's leap," "sugar 
^ loaf," and "devil's 

'Jk^r, kitchen," a never- 
failing cause for 
wonder and ad- 
miration. The 
beauty of the 
land and the de- 
lights of the cli- 
mate have called 
the tourist from 
the most distant 
part of the countr)^ 

Arched Rock, Mackinac Island. ChicagO, ClCVCland, 

Buffalo, and Detroit here mingle all summer 
long in one beautiful festal city, while the 

£8 




ACROSS AMERICA 

cottages of more distant residents are num- 
erously sprinkled about the island. In hotel 
accommodations, from Plank's magnificent cara- 




"^^ 



Mackinac Drives an: nf Wonderful Beauty. 

vansary to the comfortable and inexpensive 
boarding houses, Mackinac is able to entertain 
her visitors most handsomely. Stop-over per- 
mits may be obtained and three days spent at 
Mackinac while waiting for the next steamer. 
Leaving Mackinac the course of the steamer 
is almost due east past Goose Island away to the 
north, and farther on Marquette and La Salle 
islands. Turning north, Point Detour lighthouse 
rises on the west, Drummond Island on the east ; 
the steamer passes the little town of Detour on 
the right bank and enters St. Mary's River. 
There is now before the passenger probably the 
finest part of the whole trip — the scenic St. Mary's 
River, with its countless islands, bays, and prom- 
ontories, the beautiful "Soo," and the wonderful 
canal. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



The shores of the river are hardly altered by 
the hand of man except where the steering 
ranges, curious white squares with black crosses 
painted on them have been set up on the shore. 
By means of these the pilot must thread his 
way through those boiling rapids and treacherous 
shoals that make the stream a trial to the nav- 
igator. After passing through Detour Passage, 
if the day be Sunday, a lookout should be kept 
for the other steamer. The "North West," leav- 
ing Buffalo Friday, and the "North Land," leav- 
ing Duluth Saturday, meet on Sunday afternoon 
between Detour and the "Soo." On the other 
trip, steamers pass in Lake Huron during Wed- 
nesday night. 




Old Fort Mackinac — From the Lake. 

An enormous amount of work has been done 
by the Government on Hay Lake Channel, and 
some twelve luiles of distance saved thereb)". 
The old route was north and west around Sugar 

30 



ACROSS A AT ERIC A 

Island, the large island on the right, and through 
Lake George. 

This is difficult navigation; the steamer picks 
its way through straits and buoys, past huge 
red rocks, shoals, and bars, emerging into a 
broad sweep of river, with the twin cities of 
Sault Ste. Marie straight ahead. 

. . . GOING WEST . . . 

Arrive the "SCO" 6.45 P. m.— Central Standard Time. 
Leave the "SCO" 7.15 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

" North Land "— Thursdays. 
^'' No7-th ?F^.j^ "— Sundays. 

. . . GOING EAST . . . 

Arrive the "SCO" 13.40 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 
Leave the "SCO" 1 10 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

'■'•North Land" — Sundays. 

" North West "— Wednesdays. 



.T STE. AARIE 



popularly known as the 
., ^ T, ^ -, " Soo," offers many attrac- 

672 iniles from Buffalo. ' -^ 

AitiS, eTi^e^t*^^"*^' tions to tourists. It is a pic- 

turesque place, and the never- 
ending procession of vessels passing through 
the canal makes a moving panorama well worth 
seeing. The locks are the largest in the world. 
The operation of locking the steamer through 
the canal is most interesting. Water opens the 
doors, water closes them; water opens the valves; 
water hoists the floating city up the hill and into 
the still stream of the upper river. The canal 
carries more tonnage than any in the world, not 
iCxcepting the Suez Canal. A short distance from 
!the town the very best of trout fishing is to be 
1 3 31 



ACROSS AMERICA 



had, and competent guides can be hired at almost 
any time. Fort Brady, where some 300 infantry 
are posted, is an attractive spot. While the big 




Another View of the " Soo " Canal. 

ship is being locked through, an 
operation which consumes about one hour, 
an opportunity is given for shooting the rapids 
of the St. Mary's River. The walk from the 
steamer dock, the descent of the rapids and 
return to the ship occupy about forty minutes. 
Prices charged by the Indians for the service 
I depend somewhat on the size of the partyl 
Three or four people can make the trip at a 
total expense of about two dollars. i 

Soldiers were put on guard at the canal dur- 
ing the summer of '98, after Caranza, the Span- 
ish officer, made Canada the base of his plots 
against this country. At the top of the rapids^ 
i'just where the ripples begin, will be noticed the 
international bridge of the Canadian Pacific 
Railway. ~ ; 

Numerous lighthouses dot the channel of the 
,jWide river beyond the "Soo." Point aux Pins 

33 



GREA r NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



and Round Island appear on right and left, and 
running' between Iroquois Point on the American 
side, and Gross Cap on the Canadian, the steamer 
emerges into Lake Superior, the greatest fresh- 
water lake in the world — the Lac Superieur of 
the old voyageiirs ; the Gitchee Gumee, or big 
sea waters of Hiawatha and his friends. Its his- 
tory is weird and beautiful, but belongs to a 
different race from ours. Its pictured rocks 
were painted by the Manito of the mountains. 
Its sand-dunes were whirled up by the breath of 
the garments of the dancing yenodizze. Its 
glassy surface was a mirror for the lovely bride 
of Hiawatha, the maiden Minnehaha. Even the 
mines of Silver Islet belong to another age. 

The shores of the lake abound in mineral 
wealth, copper and iron in enormous quantities, 
gold and silver in less bulk. Millions of pounds 
of copper are mined every year and shipped, in 
its crude form, to the East to be smelted. Blast 




Old Lock, "Soo " Canal. 

S4 




^.;ll< 



Typical Views at the "Soo/ 
35 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

furnaces, smelters, foundries, and rolling mills 
are gradually springing up along the shores of 
the lake, where are rapidly being built impor- 
tant manufacturing centers. Freight boats of 
the Northern Steamship Line will be met and 
passed, vessels built of steel and designed to 
carry the greatest amount of freight compatible 
with safety and speed. The famous Calumet 
and Hecla Mine is situated on the southern 
shore. The mines in this section undoubtedly 
produce the finest copper in the world. There 
is a great future for this land of so much min- 
eral wealth. 

Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water 
in the world, is 360 miles long, 140 miles in the 
widest part, has a shore line of 1,500 miles, an 
area of 32,000 square miles ; is 1,008 feet 
deep, 407 feet being below the level of the sea. 
The coast line is very rocky. On the north, huge 
hills and towering precipices extend for many 
miles. The famous pictured rocks are located 
twenty miles west of Whitefish Point, on the 




3Q 



ACROSS AMERICA 

Michigan shore. Lake Superior is too vast to 
admit of the observation of much shore line. 
Steamers take the shortest distance from port 



>*-*.«;^i^-«'^'i 




*\ ''v*-'*l<'f *'^' 



A Bit of Duluth and Harbor. 

to port, and are for long- distances completely 
out of sight of land as on the ocean. 

Keweenaw Point to the south has wonderful 
copper mines. Calumet, Hancock, and Houghton 
are busy towns located there. Away to the north 
is Isle Royale, the largest island in the lake. 
Farther west the Apostle Islands, twenty-seven in 
number, appear to the south. This is a beauti- 
ful group, having many peculiar and picturesque 
sandstone formations. The islands are covered 
with a heavy growth of forest trees. The dis- 
coverer of the islands supposed there were but 
twelve in the group, hence the name — the 
" Apostle " Islands. Soon are seen on the right 
the grand red cliffs of porphyry, sometimes a 
thousand feet high, which mark the north shore 
of Lake Superior. Keeping to the westward, 
signs of habitation are noticed on these rocky 

37 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 

heights, and after a delightful sail, the narrow 
channel that opens Duluth harbor to the lake is 
entered. The city is above upon the hills. Each 
man's dooryard is even with his neighbor's roof. 
Imposing buildings rise all about, and an elevat- 
ing railway climbs to the summit of the hill. 
The harbor is full of active life. Coal barges, 
iron carriers, whalebacks, tugboats, and lake 
schooners abound. Huge mountains of coal ap- 
pear on the docks, and long rows of lumber piles 
glisten in the sun. West Superior, across the 
harbor, is also in plain sight from the decks. 
Three thriving towns have here grown into one 
city, possessing singular natural advantages for 
growth and enterprise. 

It was 220 years ago, or to be exact, in 1679, 
that Du Luht, leading his rangers, made the rug- 
ged locality now bearing his name a rendezvous. 
Nearly two hundred years passed before it at- 
tracted attention, and then mainly through a 
speech against a railway grant made in Congress, 
in 1870, by Proctor Knott. Now Duluth and its 
twin. West Superior, are rapidly attaining world- 
wide prominence. A narrow arm of water di- 
vides them. Each has its own impressive array 
of wharves, grain elevators, and coal and ore bins 
and dumps. The smoke of the enterprise of the 
two young giants unites in one cloud, and drifts 



(f 




ACROSS AMERICA 

way over the lake or into the forest. Duluth is 

uilt on a hillside, Superior on a level plain. The 
combined population is over 100,000. The indus- 
tries of the two are not unlike — flouring mills, 
blast furnaces, iron works, sawmills, etc. Many- 
elegant business blocks and residences exist. 
Both are laid out on extensive plans, in antici- 
pation of keeping even pace with the growth of 
the vast tributary West. They are as near the 
East by water as Chicago and Milwaukee. They 
are surrounded by forests of merchantable tim- 
ber and the chief mines of iron and copper in 
the country. 

There is now being constructed at Superior, 
by the Great Northern Railway, what will be 
the largest elevator in the world. The foun- 
dation for this mammoth structure is 128 x 370 
feet in size, constructed of Portland cement 
poncrete on a foundation of piles. The cost 
Df the foundation alone was $85,000. When 
:ompleted the elevator will tower 230 feet above 
;he foundation, and be one of the most imposing 

ron and steel structures ever erected. 

The capacity of this elevator will be 6,000,000 
Dushels, and the interior will be arranged for the 
storage of corn as well as small grain. The 
storage bins will be 13)^ feet square. The square 

Dins are a new departure in steel construction, no 
pne has dared to use them heretofore, former bins 
baving always been round, and of course of less 

apacity. Tests have been made of grain pressure 
in these square bins at the University of Minne- 
sota, by a member of the Institute of Engineers 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

of England, and by the engineering corps of the 
Great Northern Railway. There will be a base- 
ment floor and a main floor where all cleaning 
machinery will be located, with a capacity of 
3,000,000 bushels. Above the main floor are the 
bins about 100 feet in depth. The cupola above 
the bins has six stories. Thirty steel storage tanks 
will be erected surrounding the main elevator, 
which will be 50 feet in diameter and 65 feet 
high. The largest elevator now in existence has 
a capacity for only 4,000,000 bushels, so it will bej 
seen that this structure will be the greatest grain] 
elevator in the world. Twenty million pounds of j 
steel will be used in the construction of the main 
building. Total cost of the building will be about! 
$2,000,000. 

The recent completion of a connecting link] 
of the Great Northern Railway between the 
head of the lakes and the Red River cities puts] 
Duluth and West Superior directly in the track! 
of empire, and ere long the Lake Superior twins! 
will be second to none of America's great] 
cities. 

. . .GOING WEST. . . 

Arrive DULUTH 6.30 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

'■^ North Land "—Fridays. 
'^ North f'F£?j-/ "— Mondays. ■ 



^ 



. . . GOING EAST . . . 
Leave DULUTH 2.10 P. M.— Central Standard Time. 

^^ North Land" — Saturdays. 

" North West "— Tuesdays. 

I^0 



ACROSS A Af ERICA 

The traveler, as he reaches these zenith cities, 
is upon the threshold of the great Northwest. 
Westward stretches the bread-basket of America, 
the greatest wheat-growing country in the world. 
Farther west, range cattle upon a thousand hills, 
whence conies the finest beef known to man. 
Westward still are luines of gold and silver, cop- 
per and lead, beside which Golconda and Johan- 
nesburg are pigmy names, and away beyond the 
snowy mountains, where smiles the blue Pacific, 
are the world's grandest forests, greatest fisheries, 
most luscious fruits. 

Branches of the Great Northern Railway like 
giant fingers gather from this goodly land a mul- 
titude of varied products, and aided by connecting 
steamer lines carry them east to the older States, 
to England and Europe ; and west to the new 
American colonies, to China, Japan, and the 
growing markets of the wide Orient. 



rrt^-:^i^'°^^^'^S K. 




41 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



DULUTH -feiro^^EATTLE 



1,794 MILES. 

HERE are two ways of commencing 
the railway trip from midland lakes 
to western ocean. Passengers can go 
from Duluth and West Superior by 
way of St. Paul and Minneapolis, over the East- 
ern Railway of Minnesota, a branch of the Great 
Northern system, or directly west to Grand 
Forks, via the new " Fosston Line," saving one 
day in time, but missing the cities of St. Paul 
and Minneapolis and also a beautiful daylight 
run through Minnesota's famous " Lake Park 
Region." 





ACROSS AMERICA 



VIA FossTON Line, |_^^I 

UTM 

288 MILES. 

Altitude, 607 feet. 

Population, 70,000. 

GREAT railroad center. Eastern ter- 
minus of the transcontinental line of 
the Great Northern Railway system. 
Duluth has grown from a popula- 
tion of 3,000 in 1880 to its present magnificent 
proportions. 

The shipping interests are immense. The 
harbor is claimed to be the finest on the lakes. 
It is not possible to give exact figures of vessel 
clearances or shipments of grain, lumber, etc., as 
most of the records include both Duluth and 
Superior. Figures are given for the two cities 
as follows for the year 1898 : 

Received at Duluth and Superior, 85,841,913 bushels 
of all kinds of grain. Shipped from Duluth and Superior, 
56,154,071 bushels of all kinds of grain. Sawmills on 
Duluth -Superior Harbor manufactured 324,000,000 feet 
of lumber. Iron ore shipments from the head of the 
lakes, including Two Harbors — sub port of Duluth — 
were 6,144,258 gross tons. Flour mills at the head of the 
lakes ground 10,050,000 bushels of wheat, turning out 
about 2,233,000 barrels of flour. Receipts of freight i,ii5>- 
510 net tons. Shipments 3,047,130 net tons. 

Duluth boasts, and not without reason, that 
she has the finest high-school building in the 
country. Duluth possesses every advantage of 
a modern city, having magnificent hotels, cable 
and electric roads, well paved streets, excellent 

43 



ACROSS AMERICA 

and abundant water, electric lights, etc. With 
a fine climate, natural advantages, the develop- 
ment of the valuable iron ranges, and the build- 
ing of new railroads, Duluth bids fair to prosper 
beyond the dreams of boomers for a long time 
to come. 
ST SUPERIOR ^ t^vn. to Duluth; there is prob- 
4 miles from Duluth. ably no parallel in the West 

Altitude, 633 feet. 

Population, 38,000. to the rapidity with which it 

grew, from the small settlement of Superior, in 




Partial View of Great Northern Terminals. 

1856, to the modern city of to-day. There are 
three towns in the city of Superior, each having 
its distinct post office and railway station — "Supe- 
rior" (known locally as " Old Town "), where the 
first settlement was made in 1852, "South Supe- 
rior," and "West Superior." West Superior com- 
menced its development in 1886; contains about 
90 per cent of the population, and does about 
45 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 




Freight Yards, Eastern Railway of Minnesota. 

95 per cent of the business of the city. Supe- 
rior is now the second largest flour-milling center 
in the world, and claims that in a few years 
she will be first. Already seven modern mills 
are located here, some with a daily capacity of 
6,000 barrels. Here are dry docks, wood and 
iron-working factories, sawmills, and many small 
manufacturing enterprises. Coal is but 10 to 
40 cents per ton dearer than at Erie, Pa. West 
Superior climate is unusually healthful and in- 
vigorating, and workmen 
can, it is claimed, work 
, I - more days in the 
^si^ssji^ l4'k''fci^,year than anywhere 



Ei TiTS^p-^n.is" '^'Ise in the . country 

south of the lakes. 

Thus, taking into 

■A Corner in Superior. COnsidcrationthC 




Eft ^iTsJ'i'^ 



r"" ^ 



46 




Flour Mills, Normal School, and Toiler Avenue — West Superior. 
4 4'^ 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




great advantages in lake transportation and rail- 
road transportation, and the many local advan- 
tages already described, there would seem to be 
no place in the entire West that could offer the 
manufacturer and jobber better inducements 
than Superior, and the enterprising people who 
now establish themselves there will realize 
within five years that they did an exceedingly 
wise thing. 

Nine miles from Duluth and five from West 

SOUTH SUPERIOR ^^P^^^or is South Superior, the 
g miles from Duluth. southem part of the city of Su- 

SAUNDERS perior just described. At Saund- 

II miles from Duluth. ers, the diverging point of lines 
to Grand Forks and St. Paul and Minneapolis, 
the railway turns sharply toward the west, and 
runs for some distance through a rough and 
hilly bit of country. This is the sort of ma- 
terial that gives the head of the lakes its pre- 
eminence, for these gnarled and twisted rocks, 
4S 



ACROSS AMERICA 

these deep ravines and precipitous, stony hill- 
sides are much the same formation as the famous 
iron ranges which seam and net the whole 
earth for many miles. The largest develop- 
ments have been made, and the largest mines 
exist, in the Vermilion, Missabe, and Iron ranges, 
some fifty miles north, but there seems no 
reason to doubt that the whole of this section 
of country is built on identical foundations, 
and minerals in large quantities may yet be 
taken from almost any of these rugged hills. 
For many miles the track winds and twists its 
way past junction points, crossings of other rail- 
ways, and over steel bridges, until Cloquet is 

OQUET reached. Here is a large wood- 

32 miles from Duiuth. pulp paper mill. At one door 
enter the logs of spruce, and after a series 
of sawings, choppings, boilings, and rollings, 
emerge transformed into paper as white as the 
driven snow, huge rolls of which go to distant 
cities to furnish backing for the news of the 
world. 

From Cloquet to Floodwood, thirty - three 
miles, the railway runs along the west bank of 
the St. Louis River, passing en route Stony 

ONY BROOK cJCT. Brook Junction, from which 
49 miles from Duiuth. point a branch of the Duiuth, 

Missabe & Northern Railway stretches away to 
the famous iron mines of the Missabe range 

OODWOOD From Floodwood the route lies 

67 miles from DuiuUi. for morc thaii ouc huiidrcd and 
fifty miles through what has been called by many 
experienced hunters the finest moose and deer 

49 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

hunting- ground in America. North of the railway 
line for more than one hundred miles stretches 
the virgin forest. No settlement exists after 
the first few miles. Here is ample opportunity 
for amateur explorers and hunters. Balsamic 
pine and noble beech and oak, with but little 
underbrush, characterize this district. Some 
swampy tracts are found at intervals, where 
inoose, deer, and bear love to loiter. This 
famous game country is well known to Minnesota 
sportsmen, and deer and moose hunters from 
St. Paul and Minneapolis, and occasional parties 
from the East, have for many years visited it. 
The district has been very little advertised, 
however, and is not widely known as a hunting 
field. Minnesota shooters have kept their own 
counsel. This country has been difficult of 
access until the recent completion of the new 
Fosston line of the Great Northern Railway, 
and this fact accounts in great measure for the 
amount of game to be found there. The moose 
and deer hunting in season can not be sur- 
passed in the United States. The famous Maine 
woods are not to be compared to this region. 
Illustrated and descriptive pamphlets, devoted 
to the game interests of this attractive section, 
will be sent on request by general agents of 
the company, a list of whom is to be found in 
the back part of this book. 
SWAN RIVER ^^ Swan River a branch line, 

84 miles from Duiuth. formerly kuowu as the Duluth, 
Mississippi River & Northern Railway, is crossed. 
This is a lumber and ore line and carries logs from 

50 



ACROSS AMERICA 

St. Louis and Itasca counties to the Mississippi, 
about six miles southwest of Swan River, from 
where they are floated to sawmills as far distant 
as Minneapolis. The line runs north to Hibbing, 
in the Vermilion range. Recent developments 
of ore properties point to this as destined to be 
a leader amongst the great iron districts at the 
head of Lake Superior. The work will be con- 
ducted on a scale much more extensive than 
anything of the kind in the Lake Superior district, 
not barring even the famous Jackson mine on the 
Marquette range. The Vermilion range, still in 
its infancy, is more than twice as large as the 
Marquette, which has ninety-one shipping mines; 
three times as large as the Menominee range, 
which has had sixty-four shipping mines, and 
more than four times as large as the Gogebic, 
with forty-four shipping mines. The range is 
a marvel in its way and is destined to become 
famous at no far distant day. There is undoubt- 
edly more iron ore concealed within its bound- 
aries than was ever contained in any of the 
above-mentioned ranges put together. The 
Vermilion range is certainly entering upon 
the most promising era of its history, and the 
coming season will witness greater developments 
than have ever before been experienced. The 
Duluth, Mississippi River & Northern Railway, 
the branch line running from Mississippi north 
to Hibbing, has recently been added to the Great 
Northern system and furnishes an easy route 
to the rich iron mines of the district. Large 
ore docks have also been acquired at Duluth, 

51 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

and the Great Northern thus becomes one of the 
great ore carrying roads of the United States. 

GRAND RAPIDS Grand Rapids, the county seat 

103 miles from Duiuth. of Itasca, is a prominent point. 
Itasca is one of the largest counties of the State, 
and when developed will make Grand Rapids a city. 
The town already possesses many fine buildings, 
waterworks, electric lights, banks, newspapers, 
sawmills, hotels, churches, etc. A branch of the 
State Experiment Station is located near by and 
is doing much to promote agricultural interests. 
There are about 150,000 acres of free land in the 
country. A paper-pulp mill is contemplated at 
this point, there being large supplies of spruce 
in the vicinity. 

DTPR RIVPR ^^ Deer River the Ball Club 

117 miles from Duiuth. Indian Reservation is entered, 
and froin here to Cass Lake the line passes 
through territory reserved for the red man. 
South of Ball Club is Winnibigoshish Reserva- 
tion, and directly west are the Chippewa and 
Leech Lake reservations. Numerous clear-water 
lakes are in this section. Ball Club, Winni- 
bigoshish, Cass, and Leech lakes being the larg- 
est. Bena, on the south shore of Lake Winnibi- 

r>[=:|v, a goshish, is of interest, and will 

137 miles from Duiuth. be an important point when 
the natural advantages of its location come 
to be appreciated. Leech Lake is one of the 
most beautiful bodies of water in Minnesota, 
and has a shore line of 540 miles. It is a per- 
fect fairy-land for tourists and sportsmen. The 
handsome sheet of water to the south is known 

52 



ACROSS AMERICA 



^^~r:^>ss^\£/<ok\^ 



O "I 






4f '^ 










X-^*/ 



^'Si 



''-Ri H. P iJPlantagerm \ R'y 

) W ^ Hemanao Xahbekona ^.~ . 
<■ — 1 ^-T) — <9 dt Soto-Lake ^aJj'Walker'bV^I 
r&SAj&J^M^IkQo., Chicago. \ ) ^ ^f^,/ 






as Pike Bay. The railway runs out on a long 
point into Cass Lake and over a bridge to the 
division point of Cass Lake. Here engines are 

SS I AKP changed and the train leaves 

156 miles from Duiuth. the Eastern Raihvay of Min- 
nesota, running from this point on the tracks of 
the main system of the Great Northern. A 
branch line of the Great Northern leads away 
to the south, via Park Rapids and Wadena, 
touching the main line at Sauk Center, 140 miles 
south, and making a direct route to the Twin 
Cities. 

Between Cass Lake and Fosston attractive 
stations and villages are passed every six or 
seven miles. Farris — the growing center of a 

[:jpi^ fine agricultural district. It is 

160 miles from Duiuth. well locatcd and is attracting 
many shrewd business men. The scenery is 
charming. Woodland and lake alternate with 
park-like openings, where scattered clumps of 
53 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

trees are dotted over plateaus of meadow-land. 
The country as a rule is gently rolling, just 
sufficient to make excellent drainage and insure 
the healthfulness of residents. The soil inclines 
to a rather sandy loam, and clay subsoils are 
found at a moderate depth. 

BE/HIDcJl ' -^ n\CQ settlement has been 

171 miles from Duiuth. built up at Bcmidji, located on 
the Mississippi River, where that giant stream — 
an infant here — connects lakes Bemidji and 
Irvine. Bemidji is the county seat of Beltrami 
County, and is already a thriving village. As a 
site for a small city of several thousand peo- 
ple, Bemidji is an idealism, and by the building 
of the new line becomes a place of geographi- 
cal importance in Northern Minnesota. Lake 
Bemidji is six miles long and from one to 
two miles wide, with beautiful shores and an 
extending sand beach, a rare place for summer 
resorts. The shooting and fishing hereabouts 
can not be excelled on the continent. It is a 

SOI WAY sportsman's paradise indeed. 

184 miles from Duiuth. Solway, Shcvlin, Baglev, and 

SliEVLIN Lengby are all new towns, 

190 miles from Duiuth. located within the last year, 

BAGLEY ^'^^ ^^^ ^^ lusty infants giving 

196 miles from Duiuth. great promisc of being both 

LENGBY useful and ornamental mem- 

210 miles from Duiuth. ^ej-g ^f ^^ig grOwing grOUp of 

towns. Southward of this district lie the head- 
waters of the Mississippi. Around Lake Itasca 
and the " State Park " is a mixed hard wood, 
meadow, and pine land country, fairly well 

5^ 



ACROSS A A! ERIC A 



settled. The shooting and fishing of this whole 
country is superb. Whole months of delight can 
be enjoyed here by those who love to be near 
to Nature's heart. Northward to Red Lake the 
lands do not differ much in 
character. Interspersed 
among the brush and 

:ds 

md 
Cjuite 




Near to Nature's Heart. 

large tracts of Norway 
and white pine, now 
owned and being lumbered' 
by several large companies. 
iSSTON This forty-seven miles passed 

217 miles from Duiuth. between Bemiclji and Fosston 
is as fine land as the sun shines on. In addition 
to those named above, towns and villages are 
springing up everywhere along the railway, and 
the future of this section is assured. It must 
be remembered that this is new territory, the 
railway having been open for business only since 
the end of September, 1898. 



55 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



South of Fosston, thirty-two townships are 
taken up by the White Earth Indian Reserva- 
tion. This has been ceded to the Government, 
but not yet opened for homestead. It will likely 
be available for settlement in a year or two. 



224 miles from Duluth. 

CROOKSTON 

263 miles from Duluth. 
Altitude, 871 feet. 



Mcintosh is an ambitious cen- 
ter with four grain elevators, a 
good flour mill, and other aids 
to municipal prosperity. As 
the train rolls into the depot 



Population, 4,000. 

at Crookston the traveler feels that he is well 
within the great bread-basket of America, for 
this is the Red River Valley, famous the world 
over for the production of No. i hard, red 
Fife wheat, the highest grade cereal known 
to man. At Crookston center the following 
lines belonging to the Great Northern — the 
St. Vincent branch extending to the Canadian 
boundary line; the Thief River Falls and the 
Red Lake Falls branch; the Halstad and Fargo 




Crookston 

56 



ACROSS AMERICA 




Beautiful Homes. 

branch, as also the main line, running west to 
Grand Forks and south to St. Paul. Crookston 
is a city of over 4,000 people, with handsome 
streets, fine business blocks, and beautiful homes, 
and the county seat of one of the largest and 
most fertile counties in the State. It has a 
desirable location upon Red Lake River with 
good water power, furnishing power for a large 
flour mill and an electric-light plant, the power 
dam creating boomage also for millions of logs. 
An addition known as vSouth Crookston has 
just been laid out where new shops are to be 
built. Having a good agricultural country in 
its immediate vicinity already well settled, 
Crookston will in the next two years have ad- 
ditional openings in different lines of business. 
A branch farm of the State Experiment Sta- 
tion is located near Crookston and is doing good 
work. 

57 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA Y 




Sleek Cattle and Smiling Farms. \ 

Those long warehouses at Fisher's Land; 
ing speak of the early days when the "Mani 
toba Road" ended here, and passengers and 
freight took the river and its steamers dowr 
the valley. j 

This is truly cultivated land, rich with smiling 
farms, dotted with comfortable homes; sleelj 
cattle and well-fed horses everywhere in evi- 
dence. A few miles more along the Red Lake 
River, and the train creeps out on a tall bridge 
above the steamer funnels, and in a moment pulki 
into the handsome sandstone depot that heraldtl 
Grand Forks, the first station in North Dakota. 
GRAND rORKS Grand Forks is the junctiorj 

288 miles from Duiuth. point of trains from Duluth j 

Altitude, 835 feet. "^ > 

Population, 5,000. West Superior, and St. Paul- 

Minneapolis. Passengers from the Head of thei 
Lakes transfer here to the vestibuled limited, 
transcontinental train, familiarly known as the 
"Flyer," and to railway men as "No. 3," whict 
arrives from St. Paul and Minneapolis by wa] 
of the other branch of the transcontinental line,> 

58 



ACROSS AMERICA 



iPive minutes' time and a few steps along the 
ijlepot platform suffice to make the transfer, and 
passengers have not the least, inconvenience or 
annoyance in so doing. 

( For a description of the transcontinental 

i' Flyer," the city of Grand Forks, and the r 
rom St. Paul to Grand Forks, see page 64.) 



un 



59 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



J)uLUTH^g^T Paul 

VIA Eastei^ I^ilway of Minnesota 

■=^^ (Qi^AT ^Joi^HEi^ ^System) 

185 MILES. 



fOURISTS and travelers who desire to 
go West, by way of St. Paul and 
Minneapolis, have the choice of two 
trains from Duluth over the Eastern 
Railway of Minnesota, a branch of the Great 
Northern system. The night express (No. 21) 
leaves Dultith every night; the day train (No. 19) 
does not run on Sundays. The night train lands 
passengers in Minneapolis and St. Paul before 
breakfast the next morning, making close con- 
nections with the " Flyer." Tourists can, if they 
desire, spend the day in St. Paul and Minne- 
apolis, leaving by the evening train (No. 7, the 
Montana-Pacific Express) for the West. 

Sleeping cars may be occupied at the Union 
Depots of St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, and West 
Superior at any time after 9.00 p. m. These 
cars are of great beauty of design and finish. 
The smoking compartment is the largest in use 
on any sleeping car, having two double seats as 
well as half a dozen easy chairs. It is finished in 
leather and plush. Buffet parlor chair cars are 
also attached to these trains. 

Woods and yet more woods; lakes and streams 
— trouty looking water that makes the eyes of the 

60 



ACROSS AMERICA 



fly-caster glisten — wooded glades and coppices 
that cause the sportsman to instinctively glance 
around for the ruffed grouse — cozy looking farm- 




ST. P. 81. i o, 

, . Hudson 

PO L I^Sj.;„j^ :Mc>,'allY it Co.. Chic ago. 



houses, with substantial outbuildings; sleek cat- 
tle, luxurious expanses of grain, splendid far- 
reaching fields of potatoes and root crops. Such 
is the country through which the Eastern Rail- 
way of Minnesota passes on its way to the Twin 
Cities. There is good speckled trout fishing at 



. 31 miles from Duluth. 

i CBORO 

1 26 miles from Duluth. 



stations near by to Duluth and 
West Superior. Holyoke and 
Foxboro streams have many 
admirers. There is also fine 
61 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

shooting in these dim old woods, and many an 
antlered trophy of grand old moose or nimble 
deer has been garnered along the line of the 
railway. 

SANDSTONE Sandstone has quarries of the 

64 miles from Duiuth. rock from whence it takes its 
name. All along the route are numerous 
streams, some arriving at the dignity of rivers. 
Logs are floating toward the St. Croix River, 
bound for Lake Pepin and points below St. 

MlNCKl PY Paul. At Hinckley the St. Paul 

7^ miies from Duiuth. & Duluth Railroad is crossed. 

BROOK PARK From Brook Park runs south 

80 miles from Duiuth. to Coon Creek, a few miles 
from Minneapolis, the new "cut-off," which will 
shorten the distance between the lake and river 
twins by some thirty miles and make the Eastern 
Minnesota the short and fast line between these 
four important Western cities. Along this new 
line are rapidly growing up important and thriv- 
ing towns. The Great Northern is the only 
railroad through Isanti County, one of the rich- 
est counties in Minnesota. At Milaca the road 

A\1LACA to St. Paul turns south and 

III miles from Duiuth. east, whilc another branch ex- 
tends to St. Cloud on the Mississippi River. 

Settlement now rapidly increases. Prosper- 
ous looking farmhouses whirl by, then bustling 
villages and smart towns. At Elk River the 

PI K RIVPR main line on the east bank 

144 miles from Duiuth. of the Mississippi Rivcr is 
reached, and from here to Minneapolis the 
tracks of the Great Northern and Northern 

6B 



ACROSS AMERICA 

Pacific run side by side, on the same right of 
way in fact. Anoka, a town of 4,000 population, 
-)Yl[\ ^"*^ ^ county seat, is the site 

156 miles from Duiuth. of scvcral lunibcr, flour, and 
shoe plants. It has the advantage of water 
power from the Rum River. 

The train crosses a fine steel bridge and 
winds through a maze of lumber yards and large 
buildings occupied by the builders and sellers of 
agricultural implements. Evidently this is one 
of the famous twins, the home of the largest 
flour mills in the world — Minneapolis. 

Here inany passengers leave the train, a 
goodly percentage, however, finishing out the full 
run ten miles farther to St. Paul, the capital of 
Minnesota, and the railroad center of the great 
Northwest. 



G3 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 



3t. PAULT tk^C-^ --T« -^kEATTLE 



1.823 MILES 




EFORE commencing the attractive 
journey across the great States of 
the Northwest, a word about the rail- 
road over whose tracks the trip is to 
be made may be of interest. 

The Railway. 

A fact to be remembered is that the Great 
Northern Railway is the only transcontinental 
line built without a land grant or other subsidy 
from this Government. It traverses a transcon- 
tinental belt possible of continuous settlement. 
There are no deserts and sandy wastes on the 
way. Below and above it are arid tracts without 
rainfall or water, while it will be observed that 
the dry sections along this line are supplied with 
running streams whose waters can be and are 
being used for purposes of irrigation. Trains 
to haul water for tanks and locomotives are 
therefore not necessary. For its population no 
equal area on earth turns out such supplies of 
wheat, flax, meat, wool, lumber, copper, and iron 
as the States between Lake Superior and Puget 
Sound, and the two mentioned bodies of water 
are at the top in the fish industry, while the 
intervening space between the two is the game 
preserve of the Union. The Great Northern 

64 



ACROSS AMERICA 

follows in turn the three great rivers of the 
continent, the Mississippi, Missouri, and Colum- 
bia, besides other rivers in comparison with 
which the Hudson and other Eastern waterways 
are but minor streams. The system extends 
across five States, Great Northern trains run- 
ning on their own tracks for a distance not 
equaled on any other continent except our own. 
The Great Northern is the principal line of 
Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana, reach- 
ing more stations and having more miles of 
track than any other company. 

The Train, 

No finer example of the art of transportation 
can be found than the transcontinental train of 
the Great Northern Railway, as it stands ready in 
the St. Paul Union Depot for its part of the trip 
across America. The people that realize the 
difference between a transcontinental and an 
ordinary train, the thought that is embodied, the 
care that is bestowed, and the complicated yet 
smoothly working mechanism of the whole, are 
few and far between. 

The Great Northern Flyer is made up of a 
locomotive of the most advanced and powerful 
type ; a postal car, where work is carried on 
night and day ; baggage and express car ; tourist 
sleeping car, affording both comfort and conve- 
nience ; elegant day coaches wnth high-backed 
seats ; a dining car that represents a high-class 
restaurant on wheels ; a buffet-smoking-library 
car, with bath room and barber shop, library, 
G5 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 

daily and weekly papers, and magazines, and 
lastly, the palace sleeping cars. 

The Engine* 

Like a thing of life stands the huge ten- 
wheeled passenger locomotive. It is a master- 
piece. Designed and built to haul heavy and 
fast passenger trains; a superb thing of steel, a 
combination of 3,650 pieces, requiring no less 
than 8,000 manufacturing operations. It tips the 
beam at 138,000 pounds, and with the tender 
reaches the enormous weight of 224,000 pounds. 

vSuch is the Great Northern passenger engine, 
which is changed several times during the trip, 
the style of engine varying to suit the character 
of the country. 

The Vestibule. 

The vestibule in use on the Great Northern is 
really an enclosed platform, and is known as the 
flush or extended style. It utilizes the entire 
platform, the steps being covered with traps, 
which are swung up to allow exit or entrance. 
This particular style of vestibule makes a solid 
car of the entire train. It insures perfect safety 
in passing from one car to another, does away 
with all wind resistance, and absolutely negatives 
any danger of telescoping. Each vestibule is 
enclosed with plate glass and carpeted with heavy 
rubber, making within itself a complete observa- 
tion room. The end vestibule of the last car is 
enclosed by a glass door — an uncommon feature 
in vestibule construction — offering a magnificent 
lookout. 

66 



ACROSS AMERICA 

The Famous Buffet-Smoking-Library Car 

is a luxurious and mucli-appreciated feature. It 
is a magnificent car, furnished in costly fashion. 
Nearly half its sides are of massive plate glass 
for scenery viewing purposes. It has a library 
of about two hundred selected volumes, and all 
the latest magazines and representative daily 
and weekly newspapers, an elegantly appointed 
barber chair and bath room, great cushioned 
arm chairs, a cafe, where the choicest products 
of vineyard, brewery, distillery, and tobacco 
factory are always to be found; smoking rooms, 
writing desks, card tables, and everything else 
to make a charming loafing or working place for 
passengers. 

The Dining Car. 

The dining car, finished in oak and artistically 
furnished, affords elbow-room for its patrons, by 
means of the new idea in tables — used by the 
Great Northern — consisting of a seating capacity 
for four on one side of the car and tables upon 
the other side, with seats for two. Meals are 
served a la carte — ^aj only for what you order — 
the menu always presents the delicacies of the 
season, as well as the substantials of life. It is 
not necessary to dilate upon the advantage of 
the a la carte plan ; economy recommends it as 
a system beyond compare. 

Great Northern dining cars are always at- 
tached to the train, and do away absolutely 
with the rush and hurry that too often destroys 
a meal on other lines. Abundance of time, the 
67 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

smoothest of running, and the exquisite service 
have made the Great Northern " diners " famous 
with experienced travelers. 

The Palace Skeping; Car. 

Since the year 1836, gradual and ever increas- 
ing improvement has been made in American 
sleeping cars, and the palace sleepers of the 
Great Northern represent the latest ideas. 
Nothing is left to be desired ; in weight, strength, 
ease of movement, finish, and convenience, the 
ideal has been attained. The toilet rooms are 
fitted with every modern device, whilst special 
attention is given to the heating, lighting, and 
ventilation. The uniform finish is oak, the dra- 
peries and carpets differ in both design and color 
in each car, affording variety to the eye and 
suiting all tastes. The Great Northern owns 
and operates its own sleepers, which is not only 
a guarantee of cleanliness, but also of cour- 
tesy and watchful politeness on the part of 
attendants. 

The Tourist Sleepingf Car* 

This car is a regular sleeper, built upon the 
same general plan as the palace sleeper, with the 
simple difference of having a plainer interior 
finish. It has double berths, which are made 
up at night with the same completeness and 
privacy as the palace car. A cooking range is in 
each car, so that those carrying food with them 
can warm it, or prepare hot tea or coffee. Each 
section is fitted with an adjustable table ; a 

68 



ACROSS AMERICA 

uniformed porter is also in attendance to wait 
upon passeng-ers. Tliere are the usual well 
appointed toilet rooms. The heating and ven- 
tilating system is the same as in the other cars. 
The tourist car can be occupied by holders of 
either first or second class tickets. 

The Track. 

It has long tangents, light grades, easy curves, 
wide embankments, and well ballasted, heavy 
steel rails, which insures not only safe and 
comfortable riding, but speed, less wear and 
tear of rolling stock, and the maximum of power 
at a minimum expenditure of effort. This means 
economy for the company and prompt service 
for the public. From St. Paul to the Rocky 
Mountains the heaviest grade on the Great 
Northern is between the Twin Cities. The most 
careful consideration is given to every branch 
of service on the Great Northern, making it a 
line that is always reliable and capable of 
everything that is demanded by critical modern 
travel. 

Extent of the System. 

The Great Northern system has of main line 
and branches 5,413 miles of track, divided into 
twelve operating divisions, reaching about 700 
stations in the States of Minnesota. Wisconsin, 
Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, 
Idaho, and Washington. Its branches touch the 
Manitoba boundary at four points, and two 
enter British Columbia. With allied lines it 
enters Iowa and Oregon. It carries more wheat 

69 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

from original points than any other road in the 
world. Connecting with the Northern Steamship 
Line on the Great Lakes, it reaches from Duluth 
to Buffalo, and through the Nippon Yusen Kaisha 
(Japan Mail Steamship Co.) and British Amer- 
ican Steamship Co., at Seattle, it has connection 
with the Hawaiian and Philippine islands, Japan, 
China, Siberia, Australia, India, and via the Suez 
Canal to Marseilles, Antwerp, and London. 

A Safe Line. 

With the Great Northern Railway Company 
safety is the great desideratum, and no road in 
the world can show such a record in this respect, 
or on no train can passengers be safer. No 
expense has been spared in the assemblage of 
devices known to inventive skill, that enhance 
safe running and add to the comfort of pas- 
sengers. 

Krupp wheels, with wrought iron centers and 
steel tires, are used from first to last; air brakes 
are on every wheel; the signaling between con- 
ductor and engineer is by pneumatic arrange- 
ment, simple but absolutely infallible; the train 
is fitted with automatic vertical plane couplers — 
couplers that withstand a pull of 150,000 pounds 
— the full platform vestibules are so constructed 
as to make the dreaded *' telescoping " of cars 
an impossibility. In fact, the construction of 
the entire train is in complete accord with 
the latest and most approved models, and from 
materials, every part of which has been sub- 
jected to scientific tests. 

10 



ACROSS AMERICA 




St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota 
Altitude, 70. feet. and the seat of Ramsey County, 

Population, iQo,ooo. . . -^ ^ , . 

IS gracefully located on a pictur- 
esque series of terraces overlooking the Missis- 
sippi River, at the head of navigation. Charles 
Dudley Warner says in Harpefs Monthly, that it 
is " one of the notably beautiful cities in the 
world. Summit Avenue is literally a street of 
palaces. It is not easy to recall a street and 
view anywhere, finer than this, and this is only 
one of the streets conspicuous for handsome 
homes." St. Paul is the center of a large whole- 
sale trade and manufacturing industry, and the 
focus of several extensive railway systems. The 
mission of St. Paul was founded in 1841, and 
seven years later the town was platted. Fort 
Snelling, adjoining the city, is the chief military 
post of the Northwest, and one of the most beau- 
tiful spots in the United States. The death rate 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA Y 




Picturesque 

Fort Snelling Attracts 

Many Visitors, 



of St. Paul per i,ooo, in 1896, was 9.25 per cent, 
the lowest in the Union. The city covers 55 
square miles — 10 miles east and west and 5 miles 
north and south — and has 800 iniles of streets, 
of which 384 miles are graded, 560 miles of side- 
walks, 147 miles of sewers, and 233 miles of 
water main, 46 school houses, 5 colleo-es, public 
library, with 45,000 books, 160 churches and 
missions, 103 miles of street car track, using 
410 cars. Assessed valuation of real estate in 
1897, $78,000,000; personal property, $14,000,000. 
There are 21 parks, Como being the largest 
and one of the finest in the country. There 
are 5 daily papers and many other publications. 
The new State House, now being erected, will 
be one of the handsomest legislative buildings 
in the Union. The Mississippi, which divides the 
city, is spanned by several bridges, the one from 
Smith Avenue, known as the " High Bridge " 

7^ 



ACROSS AMERICA 

giving a magnificent view of the river and city. 
Indian Mound Park, on Dayton's Bluff, and 
" Merriam Hill " also afford extended views of 
both river and city. 

Leaving St. Paul, the train passes through a 
narrow ravine, over tunnels and under bridges, 
half a dozen railways crowding the narrow exit. 

Between St. Paul and Minneapolis (ten miles) 
the railway has four tracks through a well settled 
suburban district, with stations at Como, Hamline, 
and St. Anthony Park, in full view of the im- 
posing structures of the State Fair Grounds, giant 
grain elevators, and the State Experiment vStation, 
a little village of itself; thence passing the build- 
ings of the State University, the richest endowed 
State institution in the Union, to Minneapolis, 
crossing the river on a curved stone arch bridge — 
the property of the Great Northern and which 




Falls of Minnehaha. Made famous by Longfellou. 
Between St. Paul and Minneapolis 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



/niNNEAPOLlS 

Altitude, 8ii feet. 
Population, 218,000, 



cost one million dollars to build — in plain sight of 
the Falls of St. Anthony, the new dam and 
electric-power plant, and the largest flouring 
mills in the world. 

Minneapolis, the seat of justice 
of Hennepin County, is famous 
for its flour and lumber interests, 
which center around the Falls of St. Anthony. 

These falls were dis- 
covered in t68o, 
by Louis Hen- 
nepin, who 
named them 
in honor of 
an Italian 
saint — St. 
Anthony 
of Padua. 
The first 
white land- 
owner was 
Franklin Steele, 
who located there in 
1838, and who perfected 
his title to a homestead in 1843, t>y paying $1.25 
an acre. In 1847, he sold his interest in the 
water power for $12,000. The wearing away 
of the falls is now prevented by a wooden 
apron put in at a cost of $200,000. For many 
years the chief settlement was on the east 
side known as St. Anthon}^ In 1849 a stage 
commenced running between St. Anthony and 
St. Paul. In 1854 a bridge was built and settle- 

74 




Court House 
Minneapolis. 



ACROSS AMERICA 

ment began on the west side. In i860 it was 
incorporated as a village and known successively 
as West St. Anthony, All Saints, Lowell, Albion, 
and finally Minneapolis- — " Minne " Sioux Indian 
for water and "apolis" Greek for city — was 
adopted. In 1862 the first railway in the State 
was opened between St. Paul and St. Anthony, 
ten miles, now a part of the Great Northern 
system, and the short line between the two cities. 
Minneapolis leads the world in the output of 
flour — 10,000,000 barrels a year. The city has an 
extensive park system, a free public library, and 
many fine business blocks and public buildings. 

From Minneapolis the Great Northern has 
two tracks which again branch out in a dozen 
directions, as will be seen by a reference to the 
map, covering the whole country with a net- 
work of rails. The transcontinental trains use 
the track on the west bank of the Mississippi. 

For some miles after leaving the Minneapolis 




Handsome Homes are Numerous in Red R'wer Valley Towns. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

Union Depot the train clatters through almost 
interminable lines of freight cars, engines, rail- 
way buildings of various kinds, lumber yards, 
etc., emerging at last into a section beautified 
by handsome suburban homes and clusters of 
attractive settlements. 

The two hours' run between Minneapolis and 
St. Cloud, the next station at which the Flyer is 
scheduled to stop, is through a prosperous and 
picturesque country. Small towns, with thrift 
and busy industry depicted in every feature, are 
dotted along the railway like a string of beads. 
Lake gems open their blue eyes to the bright 
Minnesota sky. Waving fields of grain, rich 
pastures, contented cattle, are on every side. 

Monticello — where the train 

Altitude. ,30 feet. ^^ops for watcr-is the prm- 

47 miles from St. Paul. ^-^^^^ ^^^^^ passcd en route. 

It is the thriving center of a fine agricultural 
and dairy country. From this point the road 
runs closely along the west bank of the Missis- 
sippi River, gradually turning northward until, 
at a distance of seventy-seven miles from St. 
Paul, the train runs into the fine new granite 
depot of the Great Northern at St. Cloud. 
ST CI ODD ^^' Cloud, the county seat of 

77 miles from St Paul. Stcams Couuty, is the sitc of 

Altitude, 1,029 feet. , ^ , . 

Population, 10,000. a State Normal School and a 

State Reformatory. It is also the See city of the 
Roman Catholic Diocese of Central Minnesota. 
The granite quarries here are very extensive, 
and large quantities of stone for building and 
paving purposes are shipped to all parts of the 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

country. Branch lines of the Great Northern 
run east and west from here. It is the converg- 
ing point for no less than five lines of this one 
railway. Leaving St. Cloud, the train plunges 
into the famous lake park countr}'", with hand- 
some towns everywhere along the line. 

Minnesota is a land of lakes; its name shows 
that — "The land of sky-blue water." Its north- 
ern and its western halves are thickly mottled 
with them. It is as though the Creator from His 
mighty hand had sprinkled the country with the 
clearest and bluest of water. Every farmhouse 
seems to be upon the shores of a crystal pond 
varying froin a few hundred yards to forty miles 
in circumference. For this reason the country 
west and north from St. Paul and Minneapolis 
is known to the geographer and tourist as the 
Lake Park Region, although the whole vState of 
Minnesota is dotted everywhere with uncounted 
lakes. The total number has been estimated at 




Minnesota /s a Lake-gemmed Paradise. 

7S 



ACROSS AMERICA 

10,000. The old word for park is paradelsos — 
paradise. How well the word fits this country. 
Nature herself takes the Minnesotan's farm and 
does landscape gardening for him. 

All day long the train rushes through corn 
patches, vegetable gardens, and wheat fields, 
varied with frequent groves, but most noticeable 
are the innumerable lakes. They seem to peer 
at one with their blue eyes from every part of 
the country. Here the farmer is sailor and 

IK CPNTPR fisher, too. At Sauk Center 

119 miles from St. Paul, the Park Rapids branch breaks 
away from the main line, running northward 
through a magnificent section of country until 
it reaches the Fosston line at Cass Lake, passing 
within a short distance of Lake Itasca, the source 
of the great Mississippi. 

. i^l<- Osakis, nestling in the shore of 

132 miles from St. Paul, a wlde-reachiug body of blue 
water, claims undivided attention. This is a 
famous resort. Its banks are dotted with summer 
hotels, tents, and cottages. On every hand broad 
generous fields, garden places, pretty lakes, and 
woodlands stretch away to the horizon. Large 
numbers of summer tourists from Missouri and 
Iowa visit Osakis every year. One hale fisherman 
of seventy has been here every summer for 
twenty years and likes it better every time. 

^.r ^ .,r.r^, ^ Alcxaudria is the county seat of 

X44 miles from St. Paul. Douglas Couuty, and IS fairly 

Altitude, 1,^85 feet. ^ , . ..1 4.„„ ^-1, ^ 

Population, 3,000. hemmed m with water, tne 

county having no less than 200 lakes, affording 
a variety for fishermen and duck hunters scarcely 
fi 79 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



equaled in the country. Club houses belonging 
to wealthy people from Eastern and Southern 
cities are found on the shores of a number of 
lakes. United States Senator Nelson lives on a 
farm near Alexandria. Geneva Beach, with its 
summer hotel overlooking a broad sheet of water, 
is to be seen just before reaching the town. Here is 
the wall-eyed 
pike, beloved 
by sportsmen; 
the small- 
mouth "gray" 
or " Oswego " 




bass, one of the gamest of fresh-water fishes; the 
large-mouthed black bass, pickerel, croppie, and 
scores of commoner varieties, and in some of the 
lakes the famous mascalonge. A Minneapolis 
judge said he had fished from the Mississippi to 
the coast and had found here the best sport he 
ever enjoyed. 
GARriELD Leaving Alexandria, the towns 

150 miles from St. Paul, of Garfield and Brandon are 



BRANDON 



passed to Evansville, where a 



156 miles from St. Paul. 

F\/AN*s\/II I P branch line runs west to points 

161 miles from St. Paul, in North and South Dakota ; 

80 



t)> 



ACROSS AMERICA 
>liBY then to Ashby, in Grant County, 

.70 miles from St. Paul. famouS for itS duck shootin^ 

^^^^^ and to Dalton and Parkdale 

178 miles from St. Paul. 

^RKDALE pretty towns in the heart of 

184 miles from St. Paul, the Park Region. 
RCllS PAI I S Fergus Falls, the county seat 

i8q miles from sr Paul, of Ottertail Couuty, is a most 

Altitude, 1,203 i'eet. 

Population, 5,000. attractive point; the very name 

has a musical cadence that impresses the stranger. 
Here the Red River of the North is reached, and 
here, filled with the tribute of numberless lakes, 
it makes its last plunge from the high lands to 
the smoother slopes of the valley so famous for 
wheat. Fergus grinds a lot of it, for the river, 

■ in a succession of ledges, has some very pretty 
and industrious falls. There are six in all. 
They furnish power for a number of factories, 
and the citizens are generous in their offer of 
power and sites for other industries. Several 
pretty little hamlets surrounded by good farms 
are passed, and then the tangle of railway 
tracks, the tinkle of hammers on car wheels, 
announces the division point of Barnesville. A 
branch line leads from here to Ada, Crookston, 
and out to St. Vincent on the international 

iRNESVlLLE boundary. At Barnesville, the 



220 miles from St. Paul, train Icavcs the St. Cloud & 
Fergus Falls Division, and having acquired a fresh 




GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A Y 



locomotive with full supplies of coal and water, 
it dashes off due north through the Red River 
Valley over the northern division. At Moorhead 




BARNESVILLE 



/nOORMEAD 



the traveler looks his last on 



243 miles from St. Paul, the fair fields of Minnesota. 

Altitude, 902 feet. 

Population, 4,500. A magnificent State Normal 

School is one of Moorhead's show places. From 
here another north-bound branch of the road 
leads away toward Crookston. The whole Red 
River Valley is so belted with railways that it is 
not an easy matter to find a locality where the 
smoke of a locomotive can not be seen or its 
whistle heard sometime during the day. 



ACROSS AMERICA 

Minnesota has an area of 83,365 square miles and 
1,573-350 people. It is 400 miles north to south and 350 
in width from east to west. It is only yet sparsely set- 
tled, and the outside world is just beginning to under- 
stand and appreciate its wealth of well-watered, fertile 
soil and extensive agricultural and live-stock interests, its 
vast timberal resources, its rich mineral deposits, iron and 
gold, its numerous water power, its enormous stone quar- 
ries, its glorious climate, its beautiful cities and towns, 
its superior educational advantages, the sterling morality 
and intelligence of its people, with their great achieve- 
ments in home-making and manufacturing, its charming 
landscapes, its fine transportation facilities, and its well- 
laid foundations of statehood and high civilization. 

From a handsome steel drawbridge passen- 
gers look down again upon the waters of the 
Red River, and at midstream cross the line into 
North Dakota and enter Fargo, county seat of 
A pro Cass County, widely known for 

^^nmiies from St. Paul, its push and enterprise. Well- 

Altitude, 901 feet. 1-1 ■ t , 1 . 

Population, 7,000. Duilt residences and business 

blocks, paved streets, and factory smokestacks 
are to be seen in every direction. Wheat fields 
encroach upon the city limits. The State Agri- 



-^- 





If 




Front Street, Fargo, N. D. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A V 

cultural College and Experimental Station are 
located just outside of the city. Fargo supports 
three daily papers, and has all modern facilities 
in the way of telephones, waterworks, electric 
lights, gas, street cars, etc. 

Broad and level as the sea the prairie stretches 
out north, south, and west of Fargo. The plow 
cuts it as a ship cuts the ocean, and it has its 
waves and ripples as the wind kisses the grain 




A Quaint Red Riuer Ferry. 

or the grass. It has a sky as blue as Italy by 
day, and as starry as Chaldea by night. Like 
landsmen for the first time seeing the ocean, 
the endless sweep of view brings to the lips the 
instinctive exclamation: "The sea! the sea!" 
At first a dreariness, a terrible lonesomeness, 
oppresses ; the world does look so big and same, 
the houses so very far apart ; but in the days 
spent between the Red River and the mountains 
the beauty of the prairie slowly grows, until the 

S4 



ACROSS A iM ERIC A 

freedom and the largeness of feeling which these 
Western people have, and their affection for those 
boundless plains, begins to throw its spell over all. 
Almost due north from Fargo lie the tracks 
of the Great Northern. For seventy-eight miles 
the way is along the west bank of the Red River, 
which runs through that strip of green away to 
the right, though never again in sight of its 
waters. Good towns are strung along the track 

AN DIN like beads on a string, includ- 

271 miles from St. Paul, ing Graudiu, Hillsboro— couuty 

.LSBORO seat of Traill County— Buxton, 

283 miles from St. Paul. 

YTOIM Reynolds, and other growing 

297 miles from St. Paul. Communities. Every little town 

YNOLDS has its elevators, and, glancing 

302 miles from St. Paul. ^^ ^i^^^g. ^-^e sky line, One can 

see these great grain houses standing like ships 
at sea. 

Just a word about this famous valley, how 
it was formed and why its soil is so marvel- 
ously productive. The " Red River of the 
North," flowing due north to Lake Winnipeg, and 
thence under other names into Hudson Bay, is 
500 miles long, and navigable two-thirds of its 
length. The Nile is the only stream that has 
so long a northward course, and the two valleys 
are similar in fertility. This is the bed of an 
ancient lake, known to geologists as Lake Agas- 
siz. It was larger than Superior is now, and 
caine from the melting ice of the glacial period. 
The flood of this epoch, not able to drain in 
the direction of the natural slope, because of 
the still unmelted area toward the north, lay 
85 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 



on this land, sometimes spreading quite to the 
Gulf oE Mexico. At the bottom was deposited 
for years and years the mud resulting from the 
glacial detritus, ground off from the rocks of 
the north. This mud was so thick that it has 
covered out of sight the bowlders, gravel, and 
drift found elsewhere in glacial tracts. At length 
the ice, retreating slowly, left the opening to 
the Northern Sea and the lake ran into Hudson 
Bay, forming the river which we see before us. 
The mud deposited for ages gradually dried 
and made the soil, of whose fertility we have 
heard so much, a soil which at its poorest is 
said by Professor Denton to excel the average 
of Massachusetts and the Eastern farming States. 
Soon there is a clatter of many intersecting 
tracks, a glimpse of many switch signals, and 
the handsome red sandstone depot and shrill 



GRAND rORKS 



cries of 'bus and cab drivers 



322 miles from St. Paul, anuouuce Grand Forks, the first 

Altitude, 835 feet. 

Population, 5,000. Station in the great State of 

North Dakota, a county seat, and the second city 

[in North Dakota. 




Grand Forks Depot 



S6 



ACROSS AMERICA 



Grand Forks is a busy bustling- Western city 
of over 5,000 people. It is an important railroad 
center. From it radiate north, south, east, and 
west the tracks of the Great Northern. From the 
south comes the main transcontinental line, and 
pausing- at Grand Forks, turns to the west. 

The north line, or Neche 
branch, leads to valley 







points in North Dakota and on to Winnipeg. 
The line from the east has just been traversed by 
the traveler. This is the chief manufacturing 
city of the State, and the center of a fine agricul- 
tural country. The State University is located 
here, besides other noted academies and colleges. 
Grand Forks banks and trust companies are 
model financial institutions. With broad well- 
paved streets and well-lighted imposing business 
houses and handsome residences, Grand Forks 
presents a most attractive appearance, and its 
citizens are justly proud of their home town. 

Leaving Grand Forks the route leads away 
toward the broad rich plains of the North Dakota 
87 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 




OcJATA 



prairies. Numerous thriving 



333 miles from St. Paul, ^owns are passed. 
E/nERADO Between Grand Forks and 

338 miles from St. Paul. 

ARVl LLA Minot is a great country — a 

344 miles from St. Paul, land of liuiitless possibilities. 
All along this 200 miles of prairie, wheat fields as 
level as the ocean at rest, stretch away in 
every direction. The clustered buildings of 




■The 
World's 
Bread-basket.*^ 



ACROSS AMERICA 

the big farms look like villages. The mirage 
is often seen hanging in the summer air, 
with waving palms, ships under sail, distant 
towns, shimmering lakes, floral meadows, and 
processions moving across the glowing horizon, 
scenes as beautiful as strange. All through this 
region wild ducks and geese come in such 
numbers, during the migrating season, that the 
shores of the lakes and the stubble fields often 
look like snowdrifts where the flocks cluster. 




A North Dakota Home and Farmyard. 



?IAAORF' '^^^ branch line from Wah- 

350 miles from St. Paul, petou, Mayvillc, and Casselton 

Altitude, 1,139 feet. 

Population, 1,000. crosscs at Larimorc and runs 

north ninety-seven miles to Park River and 
Hannah. Continuing west in the midst of grain 
fields and pasture lands through Lakota, seat 

''OTA ^^ Nelson County, the shore of 

386 miles from St. Paul. Devils Lake is finally reached, 
the largest body of water on the plains east 
of the Rocky Mountains. Devils Lake, the 

/II S LAKE county seat of Ramsey County, 

411 miles from St. Paul. N. D., is on the north shore of 

Altitude, I, 4q6 feet. ., .^ , t. i_ • j-X. 

Population, 1,500. Devils Lake. It contams the 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 

United States Land Office, the State School 
for the Deaf and Dumb, and the grounds for 
the North Dakota Chautauqua Association and 

State Military 
Encampment. 






Chautauqua 
Grounds 
and Steamer 
'•Minnie H." 
Devils Lake, N, D. 



MH^M 



« aBsmfiii§i^' 





On the south 
shore of the lake 
is Fort Totten, and the 
Cuthead Sioux Indian Reservation. The Indians 
number about 800 and are well advanced in civil- 
ized habits. This is famous hunting ground. From 
Devils Lake for many miles the train passes 
numerous lakes and sloughs where innumerable 
wild fowl love to congregate. Here the wild 
goose reigns supreme, and during the proper 
seasons in the spring and fall, large flocks inay be 
seen from the train, the well-known V outlined 
against the morning sky. As the train passes 

90 



ACROSS A AI ERICA 
RCh'S TERRY Church's Ferry a branch line 



430 miles from St. Paul, is noticed diverafinp" north to 

Altitude, 1,461 feet. * ^^ 

Population, 800. Cando, Rollo, and St. John in 

the Turtle Mountains, the highest point of land in 
the State. The country along this branch of the 
road is remarkable as being the locality where 
has been domiciled the largest number of German 
Baptists of the sect known as " Dunkers." The 
Great Northern originated this movement, and in 
the course of a few years has transferred between 
8,000 and 10,000 of the best class of settlers 
from the over-crowded vStates of Indiana and 
Pennsylvania, and settled them on fine farms 
in this fertile and attractive district. The set- 
tlers have almost without exception prospered 
amazingly, and now own attractive homes, fine 
stock, stabling, implements, etc. Crops are 
almost invariably good and the prospects of the 
entire community are of the most roseate hue. 

Pjo Settlements now become less 

441 miles from St. Paul, frcqucnt, and bauds of horses, 
cattle, and sheep crop the buffalo grass. In 
early days the buffalo possessed the country, 
and for a long time after the railway was built, 
the bones of this ill-fated animal were gathered 
and shipped by hundreds of carloads. It is 
estimated that hide hunters slaughtered a half 
million in two years in this State. Bones can 
still be seen lying at small stations awaiting 

I shipment, and bone and hide buyers make 
regular trips into the country. At Pleasant 

JIASANT I AKT Lake the numbers of wild 
459 miles from St. Paul, fowl amazingly increase, for 

91 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

this is a favorite feeding ground; at times the 

sky is darkened with their hosts and the air 

resonant with their strident calls. 

The last North Dakota branch of the railway 

turns ofE in the usual northerly direction at 
RUGBY (JUNCTION ^^Z^l Junction, running north 

468 miles from St. Paul, to Bottiueau, ou the wcstem 
BERWICK edge of the Turtle Mountains. 

480 miles from St. Paul. At Berwick, the eastern bound- 
TOWNER ary of the great county of 

487 miles from St. Paul. McHcury is passcd, and just 

after leaving Towner the train crosses the Mouse 
River, called in Canada the Souris, whose valley 
is the main feature of the county. This is to 
be the home of many prosperous farmers who 
can profitably combine stock raising with other 
lines. Here are still to be found many sections 
of free government land. It lies right along 
the track of the road, yet scattered through it 
are towns, churches, schools, banks, lumber yards, 
newspapers, and stores. The pioneers of Iowa, 
Illinois, and the Central West stayed out of 
civilization waiting for railroads twenty years. 
Here the railroad came ahead of them. 

Twelve miles west of the western boundary 
of McHenry County the Mouse River is again 
crossed at Minot, chief town of another great 
county called Ward. At Minot the time changes 
from Central time to Mountain time, and watches 
are set back one hour. 

Minot is a United States Land 



A\lNOT 



Office and a railway division 

529 miles irom St. j^aui. -' 

Attitude, 1,565 feet. headquarters. There engines 



529 miles from St. Paul. 



92 



ACROSS AMERICA 




are changed, and the train passes from the Dakota 
■ division into the Montana division. Minot is 
the last considerable town at present in Dakota, 
and marks the present eastern limits of the 
grazing country. Rapidly and surely the farm- 
ing community is pressing westward upon the 
graziers. But when one realizes that it is 600 
miles from here to the mountains, and that there 
is tributary to this line of road a hundred and 
twenty thousand square miles of land, it does not 
seem as though there was likely to be a scarcity 
of room for either the graziers or the stockmen. 
Leaving Minot the escarpment of the "Plateau 
du Coteau du Missouri " is noticed, a mass of 
rugged broken country. 
I yfl Delta is well up on the high 

568 miles from St. Paul, platcau. Siiicc leaving Towner 

Altitude, 2,263 feet. 

r\rR the train has climbed 800 feet 

644 miles from St. Paul, nearer the sky. A little beyond 
Avoca is noticed the first glimpse of the Mis- 
93 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA Y 

souri, huge, dignified, and silent, cutting its way 
among clay bluffs, changing its channel day by 
day, uneasy, unruly, and sullen. Soon after 
passing Williston the Fort Bu- 
650 miles from St. Paul, ford Military Reservation is 

Altitude, 1,852 feet. ^ , 1 , 1 , • 

entered, and the tram pauses 
at Buford Station, at the junction of the " Big 
Muddy" and the Yellowstone rivers. The exten- 
sive and important post buildings were formerly 
located south of the track, but have been torn 
down. For many miles the way is along the 
valley of the Missouri. Buford, the last place 
in North Dakota, is 670 miles from St. Paul. 

North Dakota has an area of 70,795 square miles and 
182,719 population. It is 360 miles north to south and 210 
east to west. The Red River Valley, Devils Lake District, 
and Turtle Mountain country are noted for the production 
of No. I hard wheat, the best in the world, besides other 
small grains and vegetables. All conditions favor the live- 
stock industry. Extensive deposits of coal exist in the 
western part of the State. North Dakota has all of the 
advantages of a new country in cheap lands and chances 
for home-making, and all of the conveniences of an old 
country in schools, churches, markets, postal and railway 
facilities. There is a good deal of government land now 
being taken up. 

ARDEN Arden is the first station in 

679 miles from St. Paul. Montana, and between Buford 
and Arden will be noticed, on the north side of 
the track, the white post which marks the divid- 
ing line between the States of North Dakota and 

p>l a IP Montana. At Blair the train 

708 miles from St. Paul, enters the Fort Peck Indian 

POPLAR Reservation, whose southern 

736 miles from St. Paul. • i ■»!-• • r-. • 

Altitude, 1,960 feet. boundary IS the Missouri River. 



ACROSS AMERICA 

At Poplar is a small military post and one of 
the largest Indian schools in the country located 
on a railway. 

K RIVER Milk River is a point worthy of 

786 miles from St. Paul, notice. Hcrc the railway, after 
following- the Missouri for over 100 miles, turns 
almost due north, leaves the Indian reservation, 
and turns into the valley of the Milk River. For 
180 miles the course is along this important 
stream. Here was the scene, in 1887, of the 
fastest railway building operations ever known, 
involving the construction of 550 miles of sub- 
stantial roadway in six months. The unparal- 
leled record of laying 8Jq- miles of track in one 
•day was accomplished. 

Glasgow is the county seat of 
— — — 7. — ^ „, ^ , Valley County and division 

806 miles from St. Paul. -' J 

Altitude, 2,092 feet. headquarters of the railway. 

This is a ranch country, and live stock wanders 
about with no seeming owner.ship, attaining ma- 
turity and going to market fat and sleek without 
ever having a particle of food other than native 
grasses, and no shelter except the sky. To the 
north and south are outlying sentinel hills, warn- 
ing passengers that the mighty Rockies are 
ahead. Small stations, where the stockmen bring 
horses, cattle, and sheep for shipment, are scat- 
tered along the track. Hins- 
SDALE _.,*-. 

83X miles from St. Paul, ^alc IS bccommg an important 
Altitude, 2,x68 feet. p^.^^^_ ^^^^^ ^^^^ scttlcrs are 

coming in to this section, and the fertile soil and 
abundant crops promise a good town at this point. 
I The first mountains seen are the Little Rockies, 
7 95 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




w. 

CHURCH EUTTE 

JiajiJ.:McNaily& Co., CMcago. 



EUREKA 



south of Eureka and Harlem. 



895 miles from St, Paul. Important gold discoveries have 
n Ah?LC/ \ been made in the Little Rockies. 



Between Eureka and Zurich the 



916 miles from St. Paul. 

ZURICH 

925 miles from St. Paul, railway runs north of the Milk 

River, and on the south bank will be noticed the 
well-built cabins of the Indians of the Fort Bel- 
knap Reservation, whose southern boundary is 
the Little Rocky Mountains — in plain view from 
the train. They appear to be about ten miles 
away; the real distance is forty miles. 

Chinook is the center of irrio^a- 
CtilNOOK . , , . • .t, ^/r 11 

~ ^^^^es from St. Paul, ^lou development m the Milk 
Altitude, 2,404 feet. -^.^^^ Vallcy, and ditches are 

to be seen from the car windows. More farm- 
houses are in sight than have yet been seen in 
Montana. Across vast hay meadows to the south 
the Bear Paw Mountains, a singularly beautiful 
and impressive group, tower in silent majesty. 
Many settlers are locating in this vicinity, and as 

96 



ACROSS AMERICA 

irrigation means assured harvests, all are pros- 
perous and rapidly becoming independent. The 
climate is healthful and enjoyable. Winters are 
cold, but the cold is a dry' cold and much more 
agreeable than the winter weather of the Eastern 
States. The Milk River Valley is destined to be 
one of the richest and best settled agricultural 
districts of Montana. Full information about the 
great opportunities of this part of Montana may 
be had from agents of Great Northern Railway. 
At Havre the Montana Central 

"^^niies from St. Paul. Railway (a part of the Great 

e, 2,480 ee . Northern system) leads away 

to the south, to Benton, Great Falls, Helena, 

■ Butte, and Anaconda. Sleeper for these points is 

dropped at Havre and is attached to the other 

train. (For description of this division, see page 

155.) Seven miles from here on the branch line is 

Fort Assiniboine, the largest 
RT ASSINIBOINE .^.^ ^ . ' ,,, ^^ ^^ 
military post m the West. It 

is occupied by colored troops. At Havre the 

engines are changed again, and fresh supplies of 

ice, beef, poultry, and other creature comforts 

promise good meals to come on the dining car. 

Were it not that the road constantly follows 

the lower level of the country, the Rockies could 

be seen while still distant from them two hundred 

miles. At Galata, however, 

the track climbs up on the 

1,034 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, 3,368 feet. platcau, extending southward 

from the Sweetgrass Hills, and the towering, 
snow-capped, and jagged peaks of the great 
mountains suddenly spring into view, straight 

97 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

ahead, yet still a hundred miles away. From 
this point and for some distance farther west- 
ward, the Sweetgrass Hills may be seen, three 
lone buttes set in a vast sea of rolling, grassy 
prairie. The Blackfoot name for these hills 
is Cut-o-yis, "sweet grasses." The middle one 
of the buttes was regarded by the simple red 
men as the home of a wrathful god, who de- 
manded a sacrifice froin every person who ap- 
proached it. None of them ever went near it 
without murmuring a prayer, and reverently 
dropping an arrow, or bracelet, or other valued 
thing. The Government purchased the Hills and 
surrounding country from the Indians in 1887, 
and soon afterward placer gold was found in pay- 
ing quantities. Both placer and quartz claims are 
now being worked in all three of the buttes, and 
a mining town has sprung up, "Gold Butte," and 

is in a flourishing condition. 

SHELBY eJUNCTION . , eu n. t .• 1 

' — - — „^ „ , At Shelby I unction, down m 

1,064 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, 3,276 feet. ^ valley, the Great Falls & 

Canada Railway, a narrow-gauge road, crosses 

the Great Northern line. 

Crossing Cutbank River the road enters the 

Blackfeet Reservation, a large tract of rich prairie 

land extending from the Cana- 
BLACKrOOT ,. ,. ^x, . . , 

.,„5 miles from St. Paul, ^^^n line Southward sixty 

Altitude, 4,142 feet. ^^-^^^^ ^^^ forty-fivc milcs 

from east to west. There are now about two 
thousand Indians on this Reserve, living on 
comfortable ranches along the streams. The 
Blackfeet have long since forsaken the old wild 
life of the chase, and are now prosperous raisers 

98 



ACROSS AMERICA 

of cattle, which they ship to the Chicago 
markets. Blackfoot Station is the central point 
for the people here, and a little farther west- 
ward, but some distance north of the railway, 
can be seen the agency and government school 
buildings. 

Northwest of Blackfoot, on the extreme hori- 
zon, looms up a tall, slender butte named Chief 
Mountain. (Blackfoot : Ni'-na Os-tukwi.) It is 
10,800 feet high, and its precipitous sides have re- 
cently been scaled clear to the summit by some 
adventurous young New Yorkers. Some distance 
this side of Chief Mountain, nestling in a valley 
extending far into the heart of the range, lie the 
St. Mary's lakes, the Geneva of America. The 
scener}^ about them is said by experienced travel- 
ers to excel in grandeur and wildness anything to 
be found in Switzerland. The lower lake is seven, 
the upper one eleven miles long", and on either 
side of them the mountains rise to great heights, 
in places precipitously from the water's edge. Im- 
mense glaciers furnish the water of these lovely 
lakes, and afford a most inviting field of explora- 
tion to the tourist and student of nature. The 
whole range from Chief Mountain far to the south 
of the Great Northern Railway abounds in a 
variety of big game. Elk, moose, deer, and grizzly 
bears are to be found in the pine 
forests, and on the high, bare, 
rocky peaks live the big- 
horn and goats in greater 
numbers than anywhere "^ "^^^^ 
else in America. Trout of 

99 





GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

great size are plentiful in all the streams, and in 
the St. Mary's waters are three varieties of them 
— the lake, Dolly Varden, and redthroated. No 
better grouse shooting can be found anywhere 
than along these mountains. The ptarmigan has 
its home on the high levels, and thence down to 
the prairie ai"e found the blue and Franklin, the 
ruffed and sharp-tailed grouse, the latter being 
commonly termed the prairie chicken. Joe Kipp, 
who captured the large grizzly bear for Central 
Park, New York, lives near Blackfoot. 

Approaching Midvale Station, 

r^^^^les from St. Paul. ^WO McdlCmC RlVCr IS CrOSSCd. 

Altitude, 4,785 feet. q^^^ ^^^ Blackfoot tribe had 

difficulties and settled them by arbitration. The 
two medicine lodges that they put up here 
while the discussion was proceeding gave the 
place its name. This stream is the outlet of 
the beautiful Two Medicine lakes, three in num- 
ber. The lower one is only three miles to the 
northward. Between it and the second one is, 
probably, the most peculiar waterfall in the 
country. At this point a high precipice of 
rough rock crosses the valley from side to side, 
and some thirty feet above its base the, .stream 
bursts from a cavernous hole in its side and 
falls into a deep, wide pool. It is a most lovely 
spot, sheltered by tall and graceful pines, well 
worth a visit by the lover of nature. Here, too, 
the angler can cast his line with success, for 
the pool abounds with trout of large size. 

While none of the lakes can be seen from the 
car window, their locality may easily be traced 

100 



ACROSS AMERICA 




by the depression in the green forest, on either 
side of which rise the great mountains. Most 
noticeable of all these massive heights is one 
of red slate, almost a pyramid in shape, sit- 
uated apparently at the head of the valley ; on 
its lower slopes grow a few stunted pines, but 
the greater part of it is bare, grim, and forbid- 
ding. It has been named the Rising Wolf, which 
was the Indian name of Hugh Monroe, an ex- 
employe of the Hudson's Bay Company. Mon- 
roe was sent by the company in 1816 to visit 
the Blackfeet, learn their language, and estab- 
lish trade relations with them. He led a very 
adventurous life and, for many years, was the 
only white man in what is now known as Mon- 
tana. When he died a few years ago — at the 
age of 103 years — his friends thought they could 
not better perpetuate his memory than to give 
this grand mountain his name. He was widely 
known among the Indian tribes, and never saw 
101 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

a train of cars until the Great Northern was 
built past his cabin door. What mighty moves 
have taken place upon the chessboard of events 
since this old man went West in 1802 ! Napo- 
leon changed the map of Europe ; England 
grew to a vast empire ; these United States 
increased from a little fringe of country on the 
sea to this immense republic ; the age of steam 
began, developed, reached its height ; the age 
of electricity was born — and this old trapper in 
the wilderness went on from day to day hunting 
his bear ! 

Next to Rising Wolf is Hough's Mountain, 
named after the author of that name, who killed 
his first bighorn — a mag- 
nificent ram — on it in 1897. 

The mountain on its right, 1 

which descends to the prai- 
rie, has no name. Across 
the valley, and approach- 
ing the railway, are a num- 
ber of peaks rising higher 
and higher un- 
til the summit 
is reached. 
South of the 
railway, at 
this point, are 
numberless 
unnamed 
mountains 
and buttes 
set in a vast 




0/ the 
Continent — 

Lake McDonald 

Country. 



ACROSS AMERICA 




el Glacii 
Lake McDonald. 



expanse of pine forest. Reaching the summit, 
one sees just north of the station a high, long- 
mountain, known as " Divide Mountain," from 
whose snow-clad sides the water runs both to 
the Atlantic and Pacific. On the eastern end 

of it, just below the 
wall rock, is 
a "lick," 
which is 
visited 
daily 




in the 

summer 

months by numbers 



Grinnef Glacier, 



103 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A V 



of goats and sheep (bighorn). Its waters are 
alkaline, and much loved by all ruminant animals. 
The goats drinking at it can often be seen, by 
the aid of a glass, from the station. 




Pyramid Peak — Lake McDonald Country. 

Midvale is the starting point for Two Medi- 
cine Lake, five miles away. 

The fact that the train is climbing the Rockies 
is not apparent to the traveler, except that he may 
notice the engme puffing a little harder than usual. 
Summit Station is where pas- 
sengers get out of the cars, 
expecting that they are at 
the top and can look back along the plain just ii 
traversed, or forward in the direction of the,! 
Pacific. Instead they find a j^ark or meadow of ij 
several hundred acres, enclosed in an amphi-t 
theatre of barren peaks rising 2,000 to 3,000; 
104. 



SU/nAMT STATION 

1,149 miles from St. Pau 
Altitude, 5,202 feet. 



ACROSS AMERICA 



feet, in the crevices of which snow has lodged 
in immense drifts. The summer sun sends 
down its fiercest rays, but. the snowy glaciers 
are slow in melting. At a little distance from 
the track is a lake, a half mile long and several 
hundred feet wide, originally the bed of a creek, 
across which beavers built a dam, and whose 
waters drain east through the Marias and west 
by way of the Flathead to different oceans. 
Summit is 5,202 feet above sea level, the high- 
est point reached by the Great Northern in its 
entire course across the continent. 

The railway really does not climb the moun- 
tains at all. What makes the road so noted 
among engineers is the successful way in which 
it has avoided the steep grades. A single loco- 
motive has conducted this huge train at thirty 
iniles an hour 

A Sharp Corner 
up to the '■" KHartin Creek. 

summit of 
the Rocky 
Mountains 
without slip- 
ping a wheel 
or doing an 
undue amount 
of puffing. The 
road coaxes its "^ %i^ 

way into the midst of li 

towering peaks, and runs '!'^-'^ 

among them for a day, but 

always with a steady track, a gentle grade, and a 
perpetual watch for economical, paying business. 

105 




ACROSS AMERICA 




The scenery rapidly becomes imposing. The 

track winds around the huge peaks on ledges 

of solid rock. A dense growth of pine and other 

coniferous trees cover the mountain sides as with 

a robe of velvet green. Higher up the bare, 

rugged peaks, white with age, stand in solemn 

majesty. As the train begins the descent of the 

western slope. Summit Creek will be noticed 

beside the track. Countless cascades hang their 

silvery streaks along the mountain sides. If the 

scenery on the eastern side is imposing, here it 

is grand. The train whirls along in a narrow 

defile between high mountains. The canyon 

gradually widens with a level stretch of bottom 

land, below which Bear Creek hastens with such 

speed that it looks like a streak of white foam. 

The bottom continues to widen, and a collection 

of log cabins are seen, all that is left in what 

was known in construction days as McCarthy- 

ville — and a notorious place it was — now the 

107 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

lonely home of the ranchman. Near by is a 
graveyard, mainly filled by men who met violent 
deaths in the saloons and g-ambling- dens. The 

track sweeps clear 
around the town, 
which can be seen 
from many points of 
a horseshoe whose 
surrounding- heights 
throw into shadow 
\ the one in the Key- 
stone State, known to 
all travelers. When 
the sun from be- 
tween two towering 
domes lights up the 
isolated top of a 
third, while all else 
is in shadow, the 
effect is beautiful 
be^-ond expression. 

Creaasse in fP TllCSe Httlc StatloU 

Sperry Glacier, 

Laiie McDonald. liouscs whlch arc bc- 

ing passed so rapidly are occupied by track men. 

. „ , , „ At Java the train crosses a 
JAVA 

1,163 miles from St. Paul, curvcd bridge and the middle 

e, 3,9 5 ee . ^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ Flathead is reached, 

in time of flood a considerable river. At Essex 
the can3^on widens out and permits the building 
of side tracks and coal sheds. Small tunnels are 
passed through on the way down. Heavily 
timbered mountains are ever in sight, and at 
intervals glimpses are had of snowy peaks and 
lOS 




ACROSS AMERICA 

the bare rocks of the main range rising to the 
sky. Water from the snow above pours down 
steep places in little streams to swell the flow 
of the Flathead. If on the lookout, bear and 
deer may be seen, for this is a country of big 
game. The dams seen in some of the creeks 




Avalanche Basin — Lake McDonald Countnj. 

were made by beavers, and the rude roadway 
high above and far below was where the horses 
and men toted material used in constructing 
the railway track. Paola, Nyack, and Belton are 
passed in turn, and endless still appear the 
encircling mountains. At Belton tourists for 

109 




Ahern Pass — near North End of Lake. 
Scenes in Lake McDonald Country. 
110 



ACROSS AMERICA 

ii -jQlvj the Lake McDonald country 

i,i9^^iies from St. Paul, leave the train. Every season 

Altitude, 3,210 feet. 

increasing- numbers visit this 
charming locality. The lake is a mountain jewel, 
and the glacial attractions are very fine. Hotels 
have been built at the head and foot of the 
lake, eighteen miles apart, and a steamer runs 
between the two. Avalanche Basin and the 




Evening on Lake McDonald. 

largest known glaciers in the Rockies can be 
reached by trail from the head of the lake. 
The region has been termed the " Northern 
Yosemite," and it well merits the name, while at 
the same time it possesses attractions peculiarly 
its own. McDonald is to be a famous place ; it 
can not help it. There is a glacier here more 
accessible to the tourist than any other in the 
Union. There are four distinct varieties of trout 
here, besides fish of other kinds ; they are in 
numberless abundance. Charles Hallock, who 

8 111 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

was writing an article for the American Angler^ 
said : " There is every scenic beauty of an 
Alpine lake in this one, with a far greater 
choice of game and fish. There is no bother- 
some exaction of fees and tolls. It will be a 
leading resort of the continent when it becomes 
familiar to the tourist." Lovers of mountain 
camping and climbing should make a note of 
the Lake McDonald country and write for special 
literature regarding it. 

At Belton, after following the valley of the 




^ North End of Lake McDonald. 



Micldle^ork of the Flathead for some distance, 
the railway turns almost due south, and, cross- 
ing the main stream of the Flathead, halts at 
COLU/HBIA FALLS Columbia Falls, a pretty town 
1,209 miles from St. Paul, located on Q. plateau in a 
bend of the river. A fifteen-mile stretch of 
straight track now leads direct to the chief 
town of the Flathead Valley. 
Kalispell is in the center of 
a wide valley, with mountains 
circled around it. A fertile soil and hills covered 
112 



KALISPELL 



1,224 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 2,946 feet. 
Population, 3,cxx). 



ACROSS AMERICA 




There 13 

Fertile Soil in the 

Flathead Valley. 



with forests and veined with precious metals 

will in time make it a large city. Already it 

has a population of 3,000, well organized in 

municipal and social forces. Flathead River 

runs near the town, and Flathead Lake, the 

largest body of water in the Rockies, is a few 

miles south. The valley may well be called the 

lake park region of 

the Rockies, for 

there are 

over one 

hundred 

lakes in 

Flathead 





Foy Lakes, Flathead Valley. 



lis 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 





Kafispell and 
Flathead Valley. 



County alone. This is a division headquarters, 
and the company has erected here a score of fine, 
substantial buildings, including a fine brick pas- 
senger depot and headquarters for the division 
officials, freight depots, round-house, coal bunkers, 
storehouses, workshops, and supply storehouses. 
The valley of the Flathead is an ideal place. With 
its natural forest growths, protecting mountains, 
grain and fruit possibilities, not to speak of the 
mineral riches, it is one of the garden spots of 
Montana. Settlers are locating in large numbers, 
and much improvement is going on in both 
town and country. There is not a stream in the 
114. 



ACROSS AMERICA 

■ valley that is not alive with trout and salmon. 
The angler finds here a paradise. The prairie 
lands and the woods furnish grouse, pheasants, 
and deer for the sportsman. Farther back in 
the mountains larger game is found, includ- 
ing bear, moose, elk, goats, and sheep. Eastern 
parties have learned of the sport to be found 
here with rod and gun, and each succeeding 
season sees larger numbers coming hither. 

From Kalispell a stage line runs north to 
Tobacco Plains, Fort Steele, and the rich mining 
fields of the Eastern Kootenai. Coal, petroleum, 
and natural gas are found in large quantities in 
the northern part of the country. 

The next 140 miles of railway is still in the 
Flathead country. The route is along Ashby 
Creek, skirting the Cabinet Mountains, with con- 
stantly increasing grade as the railway climbs 
the steep ascent, hugging the sides of the 
mountains closely meanwhile. 
ARION STATION After leaving Marion Station 



1,248 miles from St. Paul, the road swiugs arouud Little 

Bitter Root Lake on the south and west — the 

left-hand side of the train — and crossing Jonah 

Creek on a steel bridge plunges into the gloom 

of Haskell Pass tunnel, and 
^SKELL PASS ^^gg^g ^^g ^^gg^ ^^ ^j^g (^^^._ 

T r.r-. milfic frnm Sif Traill J- 



1,254 miles from. St. Paul. 

Altitude, 4,146 feet. net Mountains. A gradual de- 

scent is now made to Pleasant Valley. Here 
there is a string of pretty lakes and the promise 

of a populous country soon to 

LEAS ANT VALLEY , 1,, , • Z ,. 1 ., 

be. The mountains to the left 



J 1,264 miles trom bt. Faui. 

] Altitude, 3,496 feet. are the Mcthow range, whcrc 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




Kooten 
River. 



minerals in generous quan- 
tity exist and around 
which is a fine hunt- 
ing section. Just 
**~ before reaching 

Melbourne, Island 
Lake is seen. By easy 
grades the train drops to Jennings, on the 
famous Kootenai River. This 
stream is one of the great 



(JENNINGS 



i,TO5 miles from St. Paul. 

Attitude, .,113 feet. arteries of the continent. It 

is 600 miles long and rises in the mountains 
of British Columbia, within a mile of the 
Columbia. The river, like the Souris which 
was crossed at Minot, takes a wide sweep into 
republican territory but returns to Canada. It 
is larger than the Hudson, and traverses a 
country beautiful beyond description and rich in 
precious minerals. From Jennings, upstream, 
run steamers to Wardner and Fort Steele in 
British Columbia. The boats do an enormous 
traffic in ore. The distance to Fort Steele is 
140 miles. The rich farming lands of Tobacco 
Plains are ready for the plow. Some day there 
will be a magnificent town at this beautiful 
spot. Gold, silver, and copper are extensively 
mined on the Kootenai. Great s^ajiipedes, fol- 
lowing rich finds, have marked -f 
the history of the stream ; 
the region has a nervous 
effect upon prospectors. 
The whole country is very 
rich in minerals, and enor- 
116 




ACROSS AMERICA 



moiis beds of coal exist in veins six to thirty feet 
thick, in some places exposed to sight for an 
aggregate width of 130 feet, one vein above 
another. 

From Jennings to Bonner's Ferry, sixty-two 
miles, the railway runs through the Canyon of the 
Kootenai, following every curve of the river. 

This is truly enchanted 
ground. The coloring 
of rock, water, and sky 
is the despair of 
artists. 





The 

delicate 

bewildering 

green of the icy 

stream, the soft greens 

and yellows of the foliage, Kootenai Faiis. 

the reds and blues and purples of the jagged 

rocks, canopied by a sky of dazzling blue and 

clouds of snowy white, make up a panorama 

which once seen can never be forgotten. 

For two hours the scenery is kaleidoscopic 
in nature. The train swings around rocks and 
cliffs with startling suddenness, while new beau- 
117 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

ties unfold at every turn. Libby Creek comes 

down from the mountains with stories of great 

mineral promise. 

Libby is a town developing 
LlooY 

1,317 miles from St. Paul, rapidly and substantially. 

Altitude, 2,055 feet. -nt •■ . 1 tt- , • -n 11 

Near it are the Kootenai r alls, 
a turbulent stretch of river turned on edge in 
a deep canyon opposed by rocks of great size. 
North of the track is the Purcell range of 
mountains, while to the south is the western 
range of the Cabinets. The verdure is luxuri- 
ant, the flowers load the air with fragrance and 
the valley with beauty. Except for Kootenai 
Falls and Canyon the river would be navigable 
for 500 miles. The falls can be seen from the 
car windows, and the roar of the falling water 
is to be heard above the noise of the train. 
TROY Troy is a freight division sta- 

1,335 miles from St. Paul, tioii. The ncxt Station is 

Altitude, 1,881 feet. 

YAKT Yakt, opposite a swift river 

1,342 miles from St. Paul, of the Same name, which 
comes from the north, and along which exten- 
sive gold placer claims are being worked. The 
town of Sylvania, with 300 people, fifteen miles 
away, is the growth of the last year. This 
section promises great results when further 
developed. 

Montana has an area of 146,080 .square miles and 
144,310 population. Its length east to west is 580 miles; 
its width north to south, 315. It is one of the leading 
precious metal bearing States of the Union, and contains 
extensive forests, valuable coal fields, wide areas of grazing 
lands, and fine agricultural valleys; its chief cities are Butte, 
Helena, Great Falls, Anaconda, and Kalispell. Has fine 
hunting and fishing resorts and scenic attractions. It is 
118 



ACROSS AMERICA 

noted for its superior sheep, horses, and cattle. It is the 
source of the Missouri and other large rivers. The water 
power at Great Falls City, on the JNIissoiiri, is the largest 
in the Union, the river ha^•ing• a series of falls, \\-ith an 
aggregate plunge of 512 feet in eight miles, and that city 
> already the site of extensive industries. Helena is the 
.apital of the State, and Btitte has the largest silver and 
copper mines in the country. Anaconda is a smelting 
center. Boulder is the seat of hot spring's of much popu- 
larity. Kalispell is in the Flathead Valley, near Flathead 
Lake, the largest body of fresh water in the Rocky Moun- 
tains. The climate is healthful and invigorating and the 
State is an attractive one from many standpoints. 

Tiist before reachinc-- Leonia 
the Idano State line is crossed. 



i,:;50 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, i,So7 feet. ^j^.^ -^ ^j^^ ^^^^^^j. ^_^j- ^ ^^^^ 

mineral district. The oldest and best known 
town of Northern Idaho is reached after passing- 
the two small stations of Katka and Crossport. 

,^,,^ This portion of Idaho is 

■;:^ miles from St. Paul, i^nown as the Panhandle, a 

^^^^v^^pQpy narrow arm of land running 

1,36;: miles from St. Paul, up between Montana and 

Washington to the international bonndary line. 

Bonner's Ferrv has a history extending back a 

generation of time, as a miners' rendezvous and 

„ __, . ferrv point on the Kootenai. 

BANN ER'S PERR^ ^ ' . , ,, n . 

— : T— ;r- , The coming ot the ureat 

1.367 miles trom bt. Paul. <^ 

Altitxide, 1,761 feet. Northern gave it its first 

large impetus of growth. Here the Kootenai 
turns north to British Columbia and widens 
into Kootenai Lake, around which very rich 
silver mines are being operated. Steamers run 
from here to Pilot Bay. Ainsworth, Kaslo, and 
Nelson. 

The lower Kootenai is navigable for more 
119 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



than 150 miles and the steamers plying it are 
as neat and clean as a Dutch kitchen. At the 
foot of the main street of Bonner's Ferry can 
be seen the pilot-houses and smokestacks of 
steamers that land below the bluffs. 

From Bonner's Ferry the track swings around 
a large bend in the river, and a very picturesque 




I'M) 




1,372 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 1,836 feet. 



j^PLES 

■ I1378 n 
_; Altitu 

i)LBURN 



1,378 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 2,019 feet. 



1,393 miles from St. Paul, 
Altitude, 2,162 feet. 



ACROSS AMERICA 

view is offered from the 
train as it begins the 
^<5^^ascent, by easy 
grades, of the di- 
vide between the 
Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille 
The view is an ideal one across the tres- 
I ties, the wide bay and the meadows and woodlands 
all rimmed about with mountains. The climb is 
IbRAVIA hardly perceptible as the train 

pulls by Moravia and through 
the woods to Naples and its 
sawmills. Here for thirty miles 
is as beautiful a piece of track 
as can be imagined. At about 
Colburn is crossed the divide 
which separates the Kootenai from the Pend 
d'Oreille River (pronounced pon-de-ray — French, 
meaning ''pendant eardrops"). At Sand Point 
n nrMM-r ^^® railway touches the north 

X.40X mile's from St. Paul, ^^ore of the lake, and from 
Altitude, 2,xo7 feet. ^^^.^ ^^^ thirty-five milcs the 

route lies along the beautiful lake and wide, 
majestic river, on its way north to join the 
Columbia. Along its banks are many prosperous 
looking ranches. 

At Albani Falls 
the river plunges 
in two splendid cat- 
aracts over precip- 
itous rocks. The 
railway uses these 
as stepping stones 




Pend d'Oreille 
Riuer. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

for two steel bridges, and the train passes directly 
above the falls. The deep-green water in smooth, 
swift rush leaps down into boiling waves of emer- 
ald, tipped with foam as white as snow. Just before 
reaching Newport, the first town in Washington, 
will be noticed the white post that marks the 

«.ic=, rr^^r^T- dividlug Hue between Idaho 

NEWPORT 

1,430 miles from St. Paul, and Washington. Newport is 

Altitude, 2,118 feet. ,,-11 , t t • -, 

prettily located, and is becom- 
ing quite a resort for pleasure seekers and fishing 
parties from vSpokane. Wide meadows spread 
out beside the river, bounded by rounding, 
wooded hills, as if the scene were in the more 
familiar East. Stern-wheeled river steamers are 
on the river, and run north seventy miles down 
stream as far as Box Canyon, a gorge between 
towering rocks. The valleys of the Pend 
d'Oreille and Priest rivers contain large tracts 
of rich agricultural and grazing land, and are 
well watered and easily reached. This is a 
most picturesque and attractive locality. 

Leaving Newport the track cuts through a 

wooded country and enters the canyon of the 

SCOTIA Little Spokane River before 

1,438 miles from St. Paul, it rcaches Scotia, and follows 

Altitude, 2,040 feet. 

CAAADPN ^^^ "^^'^ ^^^^ Camden (with 

;:;;:^iies from St. Paul, its Diamond Lake) and Mi- 

Altitude, I, Q02 feet. , .1 ,-, n 

Ian. Along the way walls 
^*'^^^ of rock loom up like solid 

1,452 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, 1,756 feet. masoury, and pinnacles of 

basalt, minarets of flint, and buttresses of gran- 
ite, with scrub pines and wild flowers clinging 
to the scanty soil, greet the eye on every side. 

122 



ORSE 



1,466 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 1,888 feet. 

ST SPOKANE 



ACJ?OSS AMERICA 



ATTAROY 



1,458 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 1,804 feet. 



1,471 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 2,027 feet. 



It is a romantic ride. Pass- 
ing Chattaroy, nestling in a 
little valley, then Morse, the 
way widens into the Spokane 
Plain, and the repair shops 
and yards are reached at 
East Spokane. Spokane time 




Spokane. 

is Pacific time. The change from Mountain 
time is made at East Spokane, and watches 
should be set back one hour. It is now a 
short run to the metropolis 
of Eastern Washington. Spo- 
kane is one of the delightful 
cities of America. No city 
anywhere, of equal age and population, excels 



OKANE 



(Pronounced "spoke-ann.") 
1,475 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 1,869 feet. 
Population, 30,000. 



GREA r NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



it in the character and number of fine resi- 
dences and handsome public and mercantile 
buildings. It is thoroughly modern in every 
respect, and has a most picturesque location. 
Its streets are broad and level, the rock on 
which the city is built helping to form natural 
pavement. It is equipped with waterworks, 
public parks, electric lights and gas, forty-five 
miles of street railway, telephone connection with 
all the tributary regions, and has an intelligent, 




Spokane has Incomparable Water Power. 



m 



ACROSS AMERICA 

wide-awake, and irrepressible population of about 
30,000. It commands a territory of about 60,000 
square miles of area, abounding in mineral, tim- 
beral, agricultural, and pastoral riches. It has 
splendid railway facilities. The Great Northern 
gives it the shortest route to the East and to 
Puget Sound. The Spokane Falls & Northern 
Railway (a branch of the Great Northern system) 
connects it with Rossland, Nelson, Kaslo, and 
other points in the famous Kootenai mining 
region. 

In the center of the city are the mighty falls 
to which Spokane owes its birth. The swift flow- 
ing Spokane River, in its course to the Columbia, 
plunges down rocky inclines and narrow ravines 
at Spokane; in a distance of about one-half mile 
it falls 130 feet. This is divided into two main 
falls. The fall at the upper cataract is 60 feet, 
while the lower one has a fall of 70 feet. This 
tremendous water power has not yet been 
developed to its fullest extent; when it is, 
Spokane will easily be a city of 200,000. At 
the foot of the lower falls is the large $200,000 
plant of the Edison Electric Illuminating Com- 
pany, which is one of the greatest water-power 
stations for the generation of electricity in the 
world. Electricity is transmitted from this plant 
to all parts of the city. Perhaps no other city in 
the world uses electricity for such a variety of 
purposes as does Spokane. From Spokane the 
train of the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Co., 
with which company the Great Northern has 
a traffic arrangement, runs direct to Portland, 
125 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL VVA Y 



stacking 
Hay. 




HlGtiLAND 



1,483 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 2,049 feet. 



Oregon. The trains of both 
companies leave from 
the same depot and 
there is no delay or 
annoyance in making 
transfer. 
En route to Seattle the line 
crosses the river and valle)^, 
and at Highland turns ab- 
ruptly to the southwest. As the train climbs the 
plains to the west, a striking change in the 
country is noticed. Gradually the timber grows 
more scattered, till the prairies of Dakota come 
to mind. Herds of cattle, with the now familiar 
type of cowboy, greet the eye; wheat fields 
occur and farmhouses appear. Building is going 
on everywhere. Towns are springing up and 
being hurried to completion 
as cities. Around Harring- 
ton is ideal grain land. This is 
the famous " Big Bend Coun- 
try," so called from an im- 
mense curve in the Columbia River. There are 
7,000 square miles in the Big Bend country. Its soil 
is largely made up of the decomposed basaltic 
and other volcanic rock and is marvelously fertile. 
Oats, barley, fruits, melons, sweet potatoes, sor- 
ghum, and tobacco thrive 
in it. Success so far 
has attended every 
effort of the farmer. 
One may travel a 
whole day across the 



ESPANOLA 

1,498 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 2,378 feet. 

MARRINGTON 

1,527 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 2,167 feet. 




1!S6 



The " Header " — Used Only on the 
Western Wheat Fields, 



ACROSS AMERICA 



Big Bend without the sight of a single patch of 
barren soiL The soil is easily handled and the 
harvest season dry and bright. The grain ripens 
without rust, yet the berry does not shell out in 
the field. Long processions of binders are a com- 
mon sight; but the "header" excites most interest. 
This is a machine drawn by a score of horses, by 
means of which wheat is cut, threshed, cleaned, 
and bagged by the same 
machine. Awaiting ship- 
micnt sacked wheat lies in 
season in great piles by 
the track without eleva- <•'' 
tor charges. The coun- " 
■ try is provided with \l,^ 
numerous lakes and ^1?^ 
water courses, and its ', 
appearance impresses 
intending settlers with 
the prospective riches ly- 
ing dormant there. Crab 
Creek is crossed and re- 
crossed, and the volcanic 
nature of the country begins to be apparent. 

Continuing westward, the 

i;^xniies from St. Paul ^ram passcs through a narrow 
Altitude, 1,316 feet. valley which cuts, like a rock- 

lined cleft, through the plateau. It is a wild 
ride, desolate and rugged, and so dead seem the 
crumbled rocks, that it is impossible to realize 
that all around, over the edges of confining 
crevices, are the fertile fields whose richness has 
so astonished the world. Column after column 
o 127 




Palisades of Basaltic Kock Tower 
Beside the Traclt. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 




ItanH. JlcXafe i- Co.. Ch 



of the black rock passes by. Now banks of it 
seem like grim fortresses menacing the trains ; 

__ now there seem to be aban- 

TRINIDAD .... 

^e^T^ies from St. Paul, ^oncd cities strctchmg out for 
e, i,oo8 eet. miles ahead. One sees quaint 

monuments erected by no human hands ; inscrip- 
tions on them confuse the eye with their quaint 
characters. Faces of Egyptian warriors seem to 
peer out of the confusion, clothed in red or 
green or yellow headdresses. There's a slough 
which has dissolved mineral matter from the 
rocks and lies here like a pool of blood, yet 
from its lower end a clear stream issues and, 
continuing with us down the valley, makes the 
freshest of green hay meadows amongst the rocks. 
Stock and horses are in sight, with here and 
there a house. The creek bottoin has sunk 
deeper into the earth, so that the train is now 
proceeding through a canyon up whose sides the 
long columnar rocks rise side by side like some 
128 



ACROSS AMERICA 

huge organ for the giants of the wilderness to 
play upon. Suddenly the cleft debouches into a 
great hole, so wide and deep that those who have 
not known of the approach are wonder-struck at 
its immensity. This is the "Crater" or "Devil's 
Punchbowl" — a part of the great Moses Coulee, 
which cuts a hollow through the plain. It runs 
off to the northeast, met by still a greater one, 
Grand Coulee, which pierces to the heart of the 
Big Bend. It is an awful void, without the 
vestige of a tree. Beyond it, square-topped rocks 
appear ; beyond them, in the shadowy distance, 
are the almost indistinguishable summits of the 
Cascade Mountains, while a few miles to the 
left, away below, hazy, dim, and blue, rolls the 
superb Columbia 

" The Oregon, and knows no sound 
Save its own dashings." 

This is, indeed, the Oregon of early geogra- 
phies, and the second largest river in America. 

Coasting along the eastern edge of the ravine, 
the railway watches for an opportunity to get 
across and down. In a great horseshoe bend it 
swings across one trestle after another. Out of 
the same window is seen those already crossed 
and those to come. They look like a line of 
giants joining hands, those in the center far 
apart, those on the ends in close order. 
At last the river is reached >i_>'j 

and the road 
runs up its east ,-. 
bank. Up stream 

a slender steel bridge ^ , /toca /.w 7„w. 

^9 




GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 



is seen across the river and in front of it a basalt 
rock obstructing the way. A hole appears through 
it, however, and the train threads the tunnel of 
Rock Island in a trice. Coming upon the 
bridge, its size, which from the distance seems 
inconsiderable, now becomes imposing. Without 
approaches, it is gi6% feet long, and 70 feet 




View of 

Palisades 

of tiie Columbia, 

Looliing out of West 

Portal of Rock Island Tunnel. 

above extreine high water. Its construction was 
a triumph of engineering skill. Following the 
west bank of the river the route lies through a 
bald valley, the famous valley of the Wenatchee, 
growing of itself nothing but the sage brush. 
The soil is of such richness, however, that wher- 
ever water touches it there grows a luxurious 
ISO 



ACROSS AMERICA 



Wenatchee Valley — 
From the Bluffs. 

vegetation. This makes the valley the paradise 
of fruit growers. Wheels on floats pump water 
from the river, and trenches lead it off through 
the thirsty soil. There is no limit to the prod- 
ucts thus obtained. Peach trees two years old 
droop with burdens of delicious fruit, breaking 
down with it in fact, unless propped artificially. 
The luxuriant alfalfa, yielding crop after crop 
in the same season, shines with its brilliant 
green here and there along the track. The 
capital of this strange country is Wenatchee, 
located where a river of the 
same name meets tjie Colum- 
bia. Wenat- 



VENATCHER 

1,649 i^ilss from St. Paul 
Altitude, 633 feet. 



chee stands in the midst of 
orchards and vineyards. 
It is the half-way town 
between Seattle and Spo- 
kane, and roads from all 
directions lead down hill 
to its stores and shipping house 

131 




GREA T NOR THERN RAIL IV A V 

Steamers run from here up the Columbia to Che- 
lan Falls and Virginia City at the mouth of the 
Okanogan, giving the most direct access to the 
Lake Chelan, Methow, and Okanogan mining dis- 
tricts. Tourists who can spare the time should 
stop off at Wenatchee and take the trip to Lake 
Chelan. The region is one of marvelous beauty 
and will yet be one of the show places of America. 

5 




Three-year-old Apple Tree — Wenatchee Valley. 

There is a comfortable home hotel at the lake 
and enough shooting- and fishing, boating and 
exploring, to suit the taste of all. By all 
means visit Lake Chelan. (Booklet describing 
Lake Chelan can be had on application in 
buffet - librar}^ - smoking car, or by addressing 
F. L Whitney, General Passenger Agent, St. 
Paul, Minn.) 

132 



I 




- - - 



Wenatchee Fruit is Achieving Wide Fan 
133 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A Y 



The way west of Wenatchee is up a rushing 
river of the same name. Water is taken out of 
it to irrigate orchards and gardens which sur- 
round the home of the ranchers. The hills 
grow higher and the timber heavier as we 
advance, while the river is tossed into foam by 




proiecting rocks. At Old Mis- 
OLD /MISSION 

,,66o miles from St. Paul, sion, in scason, children brmg 

Altitude, 787 feet. ^^^^^ glorious masscs of red 

and yellow roses. A basket of the beauties costs 
but a nickel. The Peshastin Mountains are in 
plain view to the south. Mount Stuart, 12,000 
feet high, is easily visible. 
13J!^ 



ACROSS AMERICA 

A\/FN\ /ODTM Leavenworth is a picturesque 

1,672 miles from St. Paul, hamlet at the foot of the 

Altitude, 1,165 feet. . , , ,^ . _, . 

mighty Cascades. It is a 
freight division point. High mountains sur- 
round it, and glimpses are had of snow peaks 

up ravines and 
canyons which 
break through 
the nearer hills 
and bring trib- 
utes of water to 





Tumwater 
Canyon 



the larger streams. 
The river is fol- 
lowed for eighteen 
miles after leaving 
Leavenworth, ten 
miles through what 
is known as Tum- 
water (Talking Water) Canyon, which for scenic 
grandeur, in plain view from the car windows, 
has no known rival. Two engines are needed to 
haul the train. This is a defile ten miles in 
length through the heart of the Cascade Moun- 
tains. This mountain torrent playing leap-frog 

135 



ACROSS AMERICA 

over the giant stones and roaring- above the 
noise of the train is still the Wenatchee. From 
its birth in the mountains to its last moment in 
the Columbia, the Wenatchee leads a rollicking, 
riotous life, wild as a mountain lion. The moun- 
tains here are the inost nearly perpendicular of 
any yet seen. Everywhere hang long, white 
streaks of snow and water — one can not dis- 
tinguish between them until directly under a 

i SON CREEK '="'""'" '-' ^^^°° '^■•"^ 



1,690 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 2,153 feet. 



the train pushes more deeply 
into the mountains, passing 
through a canyon so steep that it seems as though 




The Wild Wenatchee — in Tumwater Canyon. 

137 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

the lightning had cleft the mountains asunder 
Climbing still higher, the train comes to a stop 
at the foot of the East Side 
Switchback. Here anothei 
engine is added to take the 
train over the mountains. The Switchback is a 
series of tracks, at an altitude of 4,027 feet, zig- 



CASCADE TUNNEL 

1,705 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 3,375 feet. 




y'lew of Switchback, showing Series of Ascending Tracks. 

zagging up the sides of the mountain, at the points 
of which the train switches back to climb another 
leg, as each successive stretch of track is called.! 
There are three legs on the east side, with 3^ per 
cent grades, and four on the west side, with 4 per: 
cent grades. At Cascade Sum-' 
mit the train is at the highest 
point reached by the Great 
138 



CASCADE SUA\A\1T 

i,7oci miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 4,027 feet. 



ACJ^OSS AMERICA 

Northern in the Cascade range. The crossing of 
the Rockies and Cabinets both exceed it in alti- 
tude. It is a park-like opening. The switch- 
backing course of the train ceases at Wellington, 
in the midst of the immense 
trees of the western slope. 
Here is to be the west portal 



.LINGTON 



1,717 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 3,093 feet. 



of the tunnel now being built, which it is expected 
to have completed by November, 1900, and which 
will do away with ten miles of switchback and 
reduce the altitude over 1,000 feet. This great 
piece of engineering will be three miles and a 
quarter long, and 
will pass under 
i-ock 5,350 feet 
high. It will run 
in a straight line 
from the head of 
one canyon to 
that of another, 
with a slope of 
ninety feet to the 
mile. The east 
portal is at an ele- 
vation of about 
1,375 feet above 
sea level, while 
the west portal is 
about 3,125 feet 
above the same 
base. It will be 
brick lined, twen- 
ty-three feet 

139 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 




high and sixteen feet wide, and 
will cost, when finished, 
2,000,000. Work on the ap- 
proaches of the tunnel was 
begun in Januar}", 1897, but 
it was late in the summer 
\-, ',' of that year when the work- 
Vii men fairly got under cover 
and had the compressor 
plants installed. About 500 
men are now employed in driv- 
•30 Feet" ^^^ ^■^^ tunucl, divldcd between 

each end. The total progress so far made is 
about 7,000 feet. Equal progress is being made 
from each end. From Wellington the track 
winds down the valley amidst an ever-changing 
panorama of green woods, sloping hillsides, and 
majestic snow-crowned mountain peaks. What 
seem shrubs below are huge trees ; while streaks 
are rivers. The descent is so tortuous that six 
different elevations of the track may be seen 
from the window. Three miles west is Windy 
Point, and lying below it the valley of the head- 
waters of the Skykomish River. At a distance, 
of about one mile can be 
seen the water tank 
and section house at 
Madison. Before reach- 
ing this place the train 
travels a distance of 
about nine miles. It 
runs up the east side 
of the creek, crosses it 



■^^ 




ACROSS AMERICA 




A Typical Scene 

in tile Cascade Range. 



on a 

trestle, 
curves about 
in the darkness for 
1,500 feet in the solid 
rock, descending all 
the time, emerges into day- 
light, crosses another trestle, and 
comes back under the original line. 

The next stop is at Sky- 
komish (Indian name for the 
river), a freight divisional 
point. The valley here is quite narrow, and 
between the graceful stems of the stately firs 
200 feet high may be seen on either side the 
grand sentinel mountains, looking calmly down 
upon the peaceful town and limpid river in the 
valley. Some of these hills are covered with a 
wealth of green timber that looks soft and velvety 
141 



l YKO/niSM 

1,738 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 918 feet. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A V 




BARING 



in the distance ; and 
again others are bold 
and rocky, bearing on 
their jagged steeps the 
scars of many an ava- 
lanche. The long stretches 
of giant firs and cedar 
trees in the foreground, 
the wooded foothills, 
hundreds and hun- 
dreds of grace- 
ful ferns of 
every indigenous variety, and the towering peaks, 
with filmy clouds resting on their snowy crests 
in the background, compose a picture that is 
not soon forgotten. One mile west are passed 
the Miller River Mountains, at the headwaters of 
which are located the " Cleopatra " and " Cooney " 
mines, and numerous promising mining prospects. 
The railroad runs along the north bank of the 
picturesque Skykomish River, and the stream is 
visible nearly all the way, giving life to the scene 
and making merry music as it dashes and foams 
down its rock-strewn bed in tempestuous glee. 
Passing Baring in the distance 
to the south is Salmon Basin, 
shielded by picturesque moun- 



1,746 miles from St. Paul 
Altitude, 751 feet. 



tains 3,000 feet high, rich in minerals; here also 
are located many promising mining prospects. 
Between Baring and Index are the falls of the 
Skykomish River, two of which are plainly seen 
from the car window. The first known as " Can- 
yon Falls," the second as "Eagle Falls." They 
14s 



ACROSS AMERICA 



fume and foam, and roar and leap into the chasm 
which they have made for themselves in the solid 
rock, and their clamor makes the noise of the 
passing" train seem insignificant in comparison. 
The panorama of the falls, the river, here and 
there a sparkling brook leaping- joyously down the 
mountain side, and beyond the majestic hills, is 
such as to effectually appeal to the senses of the 
most matter-of-fact. 

Next is Index, situated about 
one mile above the confluence 



:X 



1,752 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, 516 feet. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ f ^^j.^ ^f 

the Skykomish River — an outfitting point for the 

many mining properties 
in the vicinity, upon 
which active de- 
velopment work 
is being done. 
During the 




Skykomish Valley and Indt-x Peaks. 

10 ■ 143 




Mining Scenes near Index, Washington. 

lU 



ACROSS A iM ERIC A 



\i{ 




summer months, those with the desire 
for a few days' or weeks' recreation 
can find no more delightful, spot 
anywhere in which to gratify it. 
Fishing is first-class — trout and 
salmon in abundance. The view 
of the mountains from this ,•>%.• 
point is grand in the ex- 
treme. The "Index Peaks," 
three in number, with 
chasms and fissures filled > 
with snow, and here and 
there a fleecy cloud lingering 
lovingly around their rocky crests, sumd a full 
mile above the track, awe-inspiring in their 
sublimity and grandeur. (See frontispiece.) One 
can not view the Index Peaks without recalling 
Byron's lines, inspired by a scene not more sublime 

than this : 

"Above Me ake the Alps. 

The palaces of Nature, whose vast walls 
Have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps, 
And throned Eternity in icy halls 
Of cold sublimity, where forms and falls 
The avalanche — the thunderbolt of snow ! 
All that expands the spirit, yet appals. 
Gather around those summits, as to show 
How earth may pierce to heaven, yet leave vain 
man below." 

Index has a home hotel, clean 

and comfort- 
able. There is 
fishing, there is 
riding, there is 
hunting at In- 
dex. Seattle- 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 







Tacoma-Everett people 
come here in con- 
siderable num- 
bers. The rail- 
way is now down 
to water level, 
and the rich farm 
lands of the val- 
__ the Snohomish 
stretch away on either side. 

Leavino- Index, still continuino- 

GOLD BAR . " 1. t. 1 . .1. 

^;^7^^s from St. Paul, a^ong the north bank of the 

Altitude, xS9 feet. Skykomish Rivcr, Gold Bar is 

passed, so called by the Chinamen who used to 
wash gold from a sand-bar near here. Here 
commences the evergreen portion of the State 
of Washington, passing Wallace and Sultan —out- 
fitting points for the Sultan 

x,767 miles from St. Paul, basiu mining district. Tothc 

Altitude, Z04 feet. ^^^.^^ -^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ largest 

tracts of standing timber in the State, extending 
at least twenty miles. Numerous shingle and saw- 
mills are in operation and under construction in 
the vicinity. As the valley broadens, the signs 
of life and cultivation become more abundant. 
Great Northern passengers will be struck not 
alone with the sublimity of the scenery, but with 
the many advantages which this region offers for 
the profitable investment of capital, the employ- 
ment of labor, and as a field for enterprise in 
all directions. The river has now grown to 
an imposing stream, navigable by stern-wheel 
steamers. Fine steamers are in sight at Snoho- 
U6 



SULTAN 



ACROSS AMERICA 

OHO/niSH mish, a thriving- business cen- 

1,781 miles from St. Paul, ^cr, witli a country back of it 

Altitude, 7 feet. r 1 1 r t j_i 

rull ot resources. In the east- 
ern part of the county are located the famous 
Monte Cristo silver mines. Six miles farther on 
, ,^, . the train pulls into Lowell, 

T^^iies from St. Paul, ^hc mauufacturmg suburb of 

Altitude, 2 feet. -i-> ,, ■, 1 

' Lverett, passes its huge paper 

mill, and swinging about a promontory passen- 
gers get the first glimpse of the waters of the 
great Pacific. Well named does it seem to be. 
Its waters stretch away to north and south, 
among a thousand islands, its shores are lined 
with wooden wharves not protected by break- 
water or mole; the frailest of river craft are 
safely meandering about it; and the stately ocean 
ships are lazily cutting its level waters. This is 
the famous Puget Sound, that landlocked sea 
which makes all Western Washington a vast 
harbor of refuge, which permits coal barges to be 




Moonlight on Puget Sound. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




towed from one port to another 
without fear of wreck, and 
floats vast rafts of 
logs and lumber as 
safely as the Hud- 
son. Few scenes 

Cut from One Tree — Washington Timber 

Has No Equal on Eartii. Can DC Hiorc sercncly beauti- 

ful. Hezekiah Butterworth has said of it: 

" I sit beside the Puget Sea 

And wait the purple steps so even, 
And, lo, above the waters broad, 

The mountain, glorious tent of God, 
'Mid parting clouds, stands grand and free 
Against the shining wall of heaven. 

" Methinks a thousand years are here. 
The grandest years since time begun, 

Oil, my America, whose march 
Has readied the wide Pacific arch 

And welcomes in this atmo.sphere 

The Mongolian merchants of the sun." 



EVERETT 



1,790 miles from 
Altitude, 6 feet. 



Everett with its nail works, 
St Paul paper mills, lumber and shin- 
gle mills, silver smelter, and 
shipyards is soon reached. It is a thrifty city 
and its industries are well worth a visit. The Sno- 
homish River gives it the advantages of a fresh- 
water harbor. The mountain peak standing off 
on the northern horizon is 
Baker, 10,850 feet high, 
while the one to 
the southeast is 
Rainier, whose 
snowy dome is 
1 4,444 feet above 

The Hop Haruest on Puget Sound '»-^' 





Snoqualmie Falls — on the Snoqualmie River, near Everett. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

sea level. There is only one liig-her peak in the 
United States, Mount Whitney in California. To 
the west, Mount Olympus, 8,000 feet high, is seen, 
the monarch of the Olympic range. The land 
across the harbor is Whidby Island, one of many 
islands in Puget Sound, there being two organized 
island counties in the Sound. 

Everett is the base for trips to the famous 
Snoqualmie Falls, a marvelously beautiful com- 
bination of rock, tree, water, and sky. It is 
only a short distance from the city and is much 
favored by residents and tourists. 

The Great Northern Railway splits in two at 
Everett. One branch goes due north among the 
lumber and farming cities of the Sound to New 
Westminster and Vancouver in British Columbia. 
The other line runs along the shore to the cities 
of the south. For most of the distance between 
Everett and Seattle there is nothing between the 
track and the water of the Sound. An uninter- 
rupted view greets the eye. Occasionally the 
train runs through the middle of a bluffy cape or 
back of a factory or sawmill. Whenever a town 
is passed, there are of course upon the water side, 
wharves, warehouses, and mills. The log tram- 
ways over the tracks are interesting features of 
the journey. Out on the water are seen the white 
sails of ships coming and going with wheat, 
lumber, tea, and the varied commodities of this 
and other countries. 

The greater frequency of mills and factories, 
the numerous pretty villas and the presence of 
trolley cars, announce the nearness of a city. 
150 



ACROSS AMERICA 

Now it comes plainly into view, rising in pyram- 
idal shape on the left. Through a street lined 
by wholesale stores and bonded warehouses the 
train runs to the center of the business district 
of the city to a wharf surrounded by ships and 
steamboats and alive with hotel runners, "Gur- 
ney coaches," and travelers. 
PATTLP Seattle is the largest city in 



1,823 miles from St. Paul, the State of Washington. It 

Altitude, 5 feet. 

Population, 65,000. began as the site of a sawmill. 




Seattle Shipping. 

Its commanding location, superb harbor, and self- 
reliant people have made it what it is. The city 
possesses an extensive system of boulevards and 
many miles of cable and electric car track. The 
manufacturing part of the city swarms with 
shingle-makers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and 
other woodworkers. 

At Seattle is located the second largest iron 
foundry on the Pacific Coast. Across the harbor 
151 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



is Admiralty Inlet, be- 
hind which rise the snow- 
capped peaks of the Olym- 
pian range of mountains. No 
city in the country can boast 
of greater advantages from 
a picturesque point of view 
than Seattle. Its suburbs 
present an incomparable 
prospect of w^ild and rugged 
mountain scenery, dense 
forests, and wave-washed 
^. beach. 

I The city contains ninety 

I miles of graded streets, 
< thirty miles of which are 
I planked. The average width 
•^ of the streets is sixty-six 
I feet ; some of the main 
I avenues, however, have a 
I width of eighty-six feet. 

The great wealth of 
Seattle's tributary country 
leaves no doubt as to the 
future of this beautiful city. 
The forests of Washington 
contain no less than 250,- 
000,000,000 feet of iner- 
chantable timber. A con- 
siderable part of this timber 
belt is within easy reach of 
Seattle, and the amount of 
timber in the adjoining 
152 



ACROSS AMERICA 




And Room for a 
Dozen More. 



forests can not be exhausted by years 

of constant sawing-. The great niin 

eral resources of this re 

gion will be found to be 

of greater importance 

than the timber when 

the work of developing 

them is really begun. 

There is every reason to believe that in a few 

years Seattle wall rank as one of the greatest 

seaports of the United States. 

The Great Northern makes connection at 

Seattle with the 
■'\li > *. '; aii'l Nippon Yusen 
Kaisha (Japan 
Mail Steamship 
Company) for 
the Orient, and 
with fine ocean- 
going steamships of a half dozen com- 
panies for Australia, the Hawaiian Islands, Cali- 
fornia, Alaska, and all river points and way ports. 

Washington is the extreme northwestern member of 
the American sisterhood of States. Itg width north and 
south is about 240 



miles; from east to 
west its length is 
about 360 miles. It 
has 66,880 square 
miles of land sur- 
face and 2,300 sq. 
miles of water stir- 
face. The popu- 
lation is 349,390. 
Washington has 
often been termed p' 
the Pennsylvania 




A ? 



A Logging Team 




A Catch of Salmon — ^wrairhaven Canneries. 

153 



GREA T A^ORTHERN RAIL IVA V 

of the West, because of its many natural advantages and 
manufactui-ing possibilities, with resources Pennsylvania 
has not — precious metals, finer climatic and health con- 
ditions, better ocean harbors, and larger forests, while 
the stock raising, agricultural, and horticultural advan- 
tages are not equaled by any Eastern State. Washing- 
ton's physical make-up is one of startling contrasts. It 
has mountains whose snowy peaks tower about valleys 
where ice rarely forms. It is one of the leading hop- 
producing sections in America. Its waters help to supply 
the world with salmon. The fish exhibit at the World's Fair 
contained 235 varieties. There are extensive coal beds 
and mines of silver. The Okanogan countr}^ contains the 
only free-milling gold ore on the Pacific Coast. A peculi- 
arit}'- of grain growing is the volunteering of crops. Two 
and three fairly good crops of wheat and oats have been 
gathered from one plowing and planting. Berries are 
remarkable for yield, size, and flavor. Grape cuttings set in 
the spring bear grapes in the fall. Vast forests wave their 
long arms from hilltop and mountain side. Countless water 
powers stand ready to be harnessed to wheels and do the 
work of steam and horses. Veins of precious metals, ores, 
and coal bulge out of the hillsides. Pasture lands there 
are where herds and flocks can revel in the wantonness 
of plent}-. The valleys, rich beyond compare, await the 
farmer, the gardener, the horticulturist, and the wine press. 
The mortality statistics of the Federal census and of the 
United States army group the States of Washington, 
Idaho, and Oregon into a division showing the smallest 
rate of mortality in the Union. 




154 



ACROSS AMERICA 



"HaVI^ To yV^NACONDA 

A\ONTANA CeNTI^AL l^ILWAY 



377 MILES. 




LYRE 

959 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 2,480 feet. 

^' RT ASSINIBOINE 

Q67 miles from. St. Paul. 
Altitude, 2,583 feet. . 



IVE minutes before the Seattle train 
whirls away west, the train for Great 
Falls, Helena, Butte, and Anaconda 
pulls out of the station at Havre. 
Twenty minutes' run brings 
passengers to Assiniboine, 
where is located Fort Assin- 
iboine, the largest military 
post in the United States. A 
full regiment of regular soldiers is stationed at 
this important point. There are no parapets, no 
frowning cannon, nor high stockade ; but long 
barracks, pretty vine-covered cottages, a little 
chapel, and a cozy theater. It is not a fighting 
fort, but should occasion demand could be made 
very effective in that direction in fifteen minutes' 
time. Assiniboine has a park along the bank of 
Beaver Creek, with winding walks among the 
cottonwoods and willows. 

After leaving Assiniboine, passengers enjoy 
for many miles a magnificent view of the splen- 
did Bear Paw Mountains, on the left, the east- 
ern side of the track. The highest peak is 
called Bear Paw or Bald Mountain. A number 
of small stations are passed. At Dry Fork the 
155 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A V 



DPY PORK Missouri River comes into 

1,013 "''les from St. Paul, view, and, away beyond, the 

Altitude, 2,992 feet. 

dim outlines of the Little 
Rockies. Here the Marias and Teton rivers are 
crossed, important branches of the Missouri. 




BENTON 



At Benton is a considerable 



1,036 miles from St. Paul. tOWn, the largest SCCU siuCC 
Altitude, 2,458 feet. 

Population, 2,500. leaving North Dakota. This 

is the county seat of Choteau County, which has 
an area of 10,000 square miles. Brick buildings 
and electric lights are here, the remains of an 
ancient adobe fort, huge warehouses along the 
Missouri banks, and a long iron bridge across 
that stream. Benton is Montana's only seaport. 
1.56 



ACROSS AMERICA 

There is a custom house here, and a navigable 
stretch of water extends east and south 3,000 
miles to the Gulf of Mexico: Before the railroad 
this was the distributing point for almost all 
Montana. Freighting wagons by the hundreds 
radiated from these wharves, penetrating 500 
miles inland even to the interior of British 
America. Now one solitary steamer, the Rose- 
bud, makes the long trip up from Bismarck, 
North Dakota, or from Sioux City, Iowa, with 
freight which agents are content to wait for 
anywhere from six months to a year. 

This is the country of the cowboy, huge herds 
of cattle, and bands of sheep. Montana is world 
famous for its beef, its wool, and its mutton, and 
this is the country where it is produced. 

At almost all of the stations in this section 
are the evidences of Montana's great wealth as a 
wool-producing State. Few people know that 
Montana leads all the other States in number oi 
sheep and in wool shipments. The total wool clip 
of 1898 was 23,000,000 pounds, yielding the sheep 
ranchers about three and a half million dollars. 

There were 3,146,868 sheep in Montana in 1898, 
of which Choteau County had 539,958 ; Fergus, 
513,646 ; Meagher, 301,125 ; Sweet Grass, 240,000, 
etc. 

From Benton the railway follows the Missouri 
River forty-three miles to Great Falls. The 
river is in sight at many places, and off in the 
southeast in full view are the picturesque High- 
wood Mountains. Square Butte, Arrow Butte, 
and other heights bear appropriate names and 
157 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

will be readily identified. To the northwest lies 
the Teton Ridgfe in the southeast corner of 



Teton County 
GREAT rALLS 



1,070 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 3,313 feet. 
Population, 5,000. 



Great Falls is a most interest- 
ing commercial center. It has 
its name froiu the great falls of 
the Missouri River first made known through the 
explorations of Lewis and Clarke early in the 
present century. The river here is 2,800 feet 
wide, narrowing to 1,000 feet just above the 
falls. The total fall of the series of cataracts is 
520 feet. The train runs down a long grade 
and stops at an attractive station in a small 
park. Great Falls is an anomaly. It commenced 
life full grown. It has always been a city. Few 
cities of its size can show such costly and elegant 
buildings. Great Falls is a city of bustling 




Rainbow Falls — 

on the Missouri Riuer 

at Great Falls, 



158 



ACROSS AMERICA 




Rainbow Falls. 



activity, the center of enormous mineral interests, 

and the site of several silver and copper smelters. 

There are many points of interest in and near 

the city. From Great Falls the Great Northern 

has a branch to Neihart and Barker, among the 

coal and silver mines. It is known as the Belt 

Mountain and Sand Coulee line, and on its way 

to the Little Belt, Baldy, and Blue mountains 

passes through a country of wonderful scenic 

beauty. From Great Falls the Great Falls & 

Canada Railway runs northwest to a crossing of 

the main line of the Great Northern at Shelby 

and on to Lethbridge on the Canadian side of 

the forty-ninth parallel, a total distance of 200 

miles. 

11 159. 



GREA T NOR THERN RA IL WA V 

Leaving Great Falls the Sun River is crossed, 

the track still following the west branch of the 

Missouri. Box Butte is an interesting point. At 

ijj^yv^ Ulm the river makes a series of 

1,093 miles from St. Paul, majcstic curves and is crossed 

Altitude, 3,329 feet. 

by a rope ferry. Stock farms 

are numerous in the valley, and herds of cattle 

graze knee-deep in the rich grasses. There are 

numerous sloughs where sportsmen come from 

Helena and Great Falls, and stone quarries are 

busy getting out shipments. To the south the 

Big Belt Mountains raise their bright heads into 

the clear air. Ahead of the train rise the blue, 

transparent looking peaks of the main range of 

r-3c-^T^c= the Rocky Mountains. Box 

CASCADE 

1,108 miles from St. Paul. ButtC finally gOCS OUt of Sight 
Altitude, 3,363 feet. , . ^ . n • , r^ ^ 

and the tram pulls into Cascade, 
the last town on the plains. On each side of the 
river are long parallel lines of rock as perfect as 
walls of masonry. Passing through the magnifi- 
cent "Gate of the Mountains," the view opens into 
an immense amphitheatre of rock. Splendid col- 
orings are on every side. Nature has painted 
in never-fading tints the rocky precipices. The 
river is navigable above this break in the rocky 
wall for 200 miles to the junction of the three 
' rivers forming the Missouri. The valley farms 
along the road are beautiful bits of pastoral 
scenery ; apple trees and fruits show in great 
abundance. Celery grows here and other garden 
truck. The rocks absorb the sunlight all day 
long and give out heat all night ; they bloom 
with flowers in every crevice, and are haunts of 
160 



ACROSS AMERICA 



r'F^AlG 



mountain sheep and black- 




1,131 miles from St. Paul, tailed deer. At Craig- the rail- 

Altitude, 3,439 feet. ^ , 

way leaves the river ; it has 
been a constant companion for 124 miles. As it 
swings away to the southeast it .affords one last 
brief view of its broad expanse hemmed in by 
majestic precipices. 

Entering a 
tributary val- 
ley the line 
runs along 
Wolf Creek. 
The white char- 
coal kilns are 
iinique and fre- 
quent features 
of the land- 
scape. Soon an 
affluent of the ^*'^- 

AVolf a t3 13 ears Entrance to Prickly Pear Canyon 

and the train enters the famous Prickly Pear 
Canyon with its wealth of scenery. It is a 
marvelously picturesque ride among crags and 
precipices of trap rock set on end in fantastic 
array. Along the way are openings of fine val- 
leys, thriving ranches, and villages of saucy 
marmots or prairie dogs. That splendid piece 
of road building is the Government road from 
Missoula and Fort Benton. It is a fine specimen 
of military engineering, level, smooth, and as 
hard as macadam. It is all down hill for the 
hundred miles from Great Falls, a superb 
" century " for bicyclists. 
161 




GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 








^i:^"^^. 



V- 



Prichly Pear Canyon. 



U^ tile Prickly Pear Canyon still farther, 

till a mountain-framed city is reached, named 

in honor of Trojan Helen, of whom Homer 

HPLfNA sang. Pine-clad, grass-covered 

1,177 ™iss ^'■°™ St. Paul. Mount Helena makes a fitting 

Altitude, 3,991 feet. 

Population, 16,830. background for a place so 

rich in scenic effects. 

But it is not to the beauty of its scenery, 
or the extraordinary advantages of its climate, 
that Helena owes its founding, but to a fortu- 
nate incident in the lives of four prospectors. 
In July, 1864, this little band, weary and dis- 
appointed, determined on one more trial before 
abandoning their search for gold. It was a for- 
lorn hope, and with the recklessness of despair 
they made a crony of the desperate situation, 
and called the gulch along which they were 
163 



ACROSS AMERICA 

prospecting the " Last Chance." Whir-r-r went 
the wheel of fortune, and the yellow gold drifted 
down with each revolution. The first panful 
of washed gravel revealed $20 in coarse gold. 
During the first six years of its life the camp 
yielded $15,000,000 in gold, and then the seem- 
ingly inexhaustible supply began to wane. The 
apparent decadence of Helena was its real devel- 
opment. It is to Helena the artless foreigner must 
come if he would have his visions of picking up 
gold in the streets of the new world realized. 
The precious dust is still gathered from the 
streets of this thronged and busy city, washed 
down from the sands of neighboring streams. 
Its principal street is built above the old " Last 
Chance" gulch. 




Mountain-framed Helena. 

Helena is surrounded by mountains, forming 

many striking views. Close by are the famous 

Hot Springs and the Broadwater Hotel, with the 

most commodious and attractive plunge bath on 

163 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




The Natatorhim — Helena, 



the continent, which is 
also the finest speci- 
men of Moorish archi- 
tecture in America. 
Its vaulted roof of 
,i, cathedral glass 
", covers a bathing 
pool 300 by 100 
feet in size, with enormous water supply. It is 
equipped with springboards, slides, and water- 
sports, is lighted through stained-glass windows 
by day and by colored lights at night. Near 
Helena gold mining in its several departments 
is being actively prosecuted, and nowhere can 
better results be shown. The climate is that 
of the best moun- 
tain regions ; the 
elevation assures 
cool breezes in the 
summer time, and 
makes it an ideal 
resort for the 
heated term. Hel- 
ena is located in the 
county of Lewis 
and Clarke. "^'^'"'- *""'■ 

Leaving Helena, the route lies up the valley to 




ALhAA\BRA 



1,193 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 4,265 feet. 



CORBIN 



1,200 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 4,S8i feet. 



WICKES 



Alhambra, from which point 
the train climbs to an eleva- 
tion high above the roofs 
of the towns of Corbin and 
Wickes. At the latter place 



1,203 miles from St. Paul, is a great tunucl cutting off 

Altitude, 5,280 feet. 

164 



ACROSS AMERICA 

a sweep of fourteen miles arotind the brow of 
a mountain. As they leave the tunnel, passen- 
gers will notice the g-rowing- town of Boulder, 

-./^iTi PARI-. o^ ^ level plain. This is the 

M OULDER 

1,212 miles from St. Paul, region of mines, sluiceboxes, 

Altitude, 4,Qoi feet. i , . , , ^-^ t 

and Avater rights. Ore dumps 
are everywhere in evidence. Some mines, of 
more pretensions, are equipped with engine 
house and sheds. 

hRr-vMi/-c=: Bernice is the name of the 

^E RNICE 

1,224 miles from St. Paul. ^°^^'^ whcrC the WOod-pilcS 
Altitude, 5,530 feet. /-> i 1 1 • • 

are. Cordwood and mining 

timber is the important thing hereabouts. The 

ifti i/i i->Ar->i/^ train crosses another wide 

1,232 miles from St. Paul, vallcy at Elk Park, and then 

Altitude, 6,222 feet. .-, •, , ,1 r 1 . 

gathers its strength for a last 

attack on the main range of the Rockies. One 

rr^r^r^, ,,, , ^ mile west of Woodville is the 

iV OODVlLLE 

1,242 miles from St. Paul, summit of the divide. Here 

Altitude, 6,343 feet. , , , . , 

one can look out on both the 
east and west slopes of the greatest watershed 
on earth. A few feet either way determines 
whether the rivers shall flow to the great Atlantic 
or the blue Pacific. The train enters a tunnel 
which cost over $1,000,000, and when it comes 
out of the other end Butte is seen below. Butte, 
the largest mining camp on earth ; Butte, built 
on a mountain honey-combed with mines; Butte, 
netted with railway tracks as a hand is with lines; 
where common laborers get $3 a day ; where 
trenches and sluices of water run everywhere, 
and green dump-piles of ore complete the view 
at the end of every street. The railway sweeps 

165 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 

around the side of the mountain with the city 
in plain view, and lands passengers at the lower 
end of the town. 




Butte is Built on a Mountain, Honey-combed with Mines. 

r>i lyrp Butte is known everywhere as 

1,250 miles from St. Paul, the largest mining camp on 

Altitude, 5,526 feet. 

Population, 12,000. earth. The streets are jammed 

with crowds made up almost exclusively of men. 

They call it a camp, but its buildings are solid 

and imposing; a courthouse worth $150,000, two 

opera houses, banks, and attractive residences 

meet the eye. In the midst of everything are the 

busy mills, crushing and grinding the rocks that 

hoisting machinery is everywhere drawing up 

through the shafts. There is enough ore now in 

sight to keep the mills and smelters working fifty 

years. 

166 



ACROSS AMERICA 

No one should visit Butte without seeing a 
mine. There is no place where the mining 
industry can be observed on such a grand and 
scientific scale. The huge plant of the Anaconda 
Company is here ; the Boston and Montana 
properties, the Consolidated, the Alice, the Blue- 
bird, the Parrot, the Mountain Chief, and other 
famous establishments. Silver, lead, and copper 
form the chief staples of the output. An enthusi- 
astic visitor calls Butte the "busiest, heartiest, 
noisiest, sauciest, brightest, most hospitable city 
on the continent; the Paris of mining towns, 
the metropolis of hustledom, the capital of 
hullabaloo, the Athens of Montana." 

Deer Lodge Valley, famous for agriculture 
and filled with flumes and sluices, stretches west 

from Butte; for 
thirty miles the 
railway passes 
through it, par- 
alleling for 
'^'tv miles, too, a 

dM2z 




line of cop- 
per sm el t er h 
along the side 
of the hills. 
These are the 
largest smelters 



Butte — The Greatest Mil 
167 



ng Camp in the World. 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA Y 

„ ., „ ^^. ^ ^ in the world. The features of 

ANACONDA , , . 

x,376 miles from St. Paul. Anaconda are its race track, 

opu a ion, 7,500. Montana Hotel, the Anaconda 

Standard^ and Marcus Daly. Anaconda has 
electric cars, electric lights, sewers, waterworks, 
and a splendid protecting mountain full of 
inviting groves. It is one of the cleanest, hand- 
somest cities on the continent. Here for the 
present. Great Northern travel ends. 




168 



ACROSS AMERICA 



3POKANE.Tofp^^LAND 
VIA Oi^EqoN ^[^&r f«4AviqATiON Co. 



450 MILES. 




HE palace and tourist sleeping cars of 
the Great Northern are run through 
from Spokane to Portland on the 
tracks of the Oregon Railroad & 
Navigation Company. Close connections are 
made at Union Depot in Spokane, and no delay 
■or annoyance is experienced in transferring. 
Baggage is checked through to Portland and 
intermediate points from eastern Great Northern 
terminals, and requires no attention whatever 
by passengers. 

Leaving Spokane, one is led to imagine that 
he is retracing his steps, as the railroad leads 
directly eastward for several miles. It soon 




' Vc'ilo f-atls" — Columbia River 

IGD 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL IV A Y 

swings away to the south, however, and runs for 
about fortv-five miles through the southeastern 
part of Spokane County. Tov/ard the east 




rise the rugged Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Mica 
Peak standing alone in prominent grandeur. 
Numerous flourishing villages and ambitious 



LATAH 



TEKOA 



SELTICC 



towns are passed at frequent 
-ymSLpauL intervals. Between Latah and 

ttf feet. 

Tekoa the railway crosses the 
-st-paaL li^^ i^to Whitman County, 
Washington. At Seltice, five 
miles farther south, a branch 
line turns abruptly to the 

170 



-'/Tfi 

-5 feet. 



j,?^?' Jwale* from St. PanL 

Ajii", jde, 2,;iK. f*et. 



-r/C^e^^ .^J/ZXA'L^ 



;<t. taaking: jl wide detomr artd reacbiag the 
-.i-un line lat^ ca at "Wraojiau FaraoragtQa 

NGTON "^ ' 






TD 



.iji,-rj Met. 



Tiie rjLng:e ot kflls csi tiiEe- 
east is the Cedar Moosttaats. 
Pi-iL At Gardeld the ^S^orthercL Fact- 
ac is cix>ss>ed and pas$s:rngers 
e fairly -withia. the "boundaries c^ tlie vrorid- 
-iraoxis Paloctse cooatry, a sEaall braacb of the 
er of that name being' crossed before reach- 
^- the next station. Elberton. The Falo^^tse 
i Big: Bend countries yield more wheat to 
e acre than any other soil in Asnerica. At 
koa alone the warehouses and elevators 
-ndle frvi'ni ;rcc»c^^:> to jcc.oco bushels of 
\eat a }.-ear. Other points ship in like 
-oportion. The total wheat crv>p 
-louse country is abo\tt 5cc.c\x' 
"aitman County has an 
..~ea of i,2$c>oco acreSs. 
$3 per cent ot 
which is sus- 
ceptible of cul- 
' tivation. Lc«ig^ 
J processions of 
binders .■. - 
seen ; alsv 



of the 
?us>.els^ 





-^^*3b^^ 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 

the Eastern Oregon or Washington harvesting 
machine, called a "header," because it cuts off 
only the heads of the grain and a very short 
section of straw. This machine is a source 
of amazement to visitors from the older and 
slower-going vStates. It is drawn by a team 
of twenty or thirty horses, five men ride on 
the machine, and it cuts, threshes, cleans, and 
sacks the grain as it moves through the great 
field, and drops the filled and securely tied 
bags off, five or six in a pile, at regular inter- 
vals, every operation being automatically per- 
formed. The Palouse country is also famous 
for the production of rye, oats, barley, flax, 
alfalfa, timothy, all kinds of grasses and gar- 
den products, as well as countless varieties of 
fruit. The barley raised in the Palouse country 
equals the best Canadian product and enjoys 
a world-wide reputation. Thousands of bushels 
are annually shipped East for brewing pur- 
poses. ' Stock raising is carried on extensively; 
the farmers in Whitman County own more 
sheep and export more wool than any other 
county in the State. 

„, _,„^„^., From Elberton the railway 

E LBERTON 

1,55: miles from St. Paul, follows the Palousc Rivcr for 

Altitude, 2,183 feet. ■-, ,. 1 

many miles, sometimes close 

to the stream, at other times from six to ten 

miles distant. The first important point after 

rni FAY leaving Elberton is Colfax, 

" "T^eTmiies from St. Paul, the county Seat of Whitman 

Altitude, i,q6i feet. r^ .1 j t , ,1 

County, located at the junc- 
tion of two branches of the Palouse River. 

17^ 




'Horse Tail Falls." 



■Bridal Veil Falls." 

Along the Columbia River 

173 



' Lutourelle Falls." 



GREA T NOR THERN RAIL WA V 



This is the central town of the Palouse coun- 
try, and a growing municipality. Enormous 
quantities of grain and fruit are distributed 
from here. Lumber is also a prominent industry. 
During a visit of the Agricultural College Com- 
mission to Colfax, Whit- 
man County, Thomas 
Kennedy exhibited, 
among other big 
things, a parsnip 
fifty-seven inches 
long. John B. 
Tabor, of Wa- 
wawai, on Snake 
River, raised a 
yellow sweet 
potato that 
weighed ten 
pounds fourteen 
ounces. George 
Ruedy, of Colfax, 
has twenty varieties 
pears on one tree, 
all producing in perfec- 
tion. At the Whitman County 
Agricultural Fair, a year ago, twenty-eight dif- 
ferent varieties of seedling apples were shown. 
Pages might be filled with items of this kind, 
all absolutely true and susceptible of easy proof. 
A\OCKONEA\A -^^ Mockonema the railway 

1,568 miles from St. Paul, tums at a sharp angle and runs 

Altitude, 2,130 feet. ^ •=' 

WINONA north and west, parallel with 

the Palouse River. At Winona 
174 




Columbia 
Riuer. 



1,589 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 1,492 feet. 



I 



ACROSS AMERICA 



PARIA 



it is joined by a branch line, as mentioned, 

from Seltice. Again turning to the south, the 

Union River is crossed at 

;rosse „ , ^ ^ 

1,599 miles from St. Paul. Sutton, and at La Crosse, two 

Altitude, 1, 47Q feet. -i r i.i i i i- 

^^ miles farther, a branch line 

bears away to the west, crossing the Palouse 
River at Harper to Connell, in Franklin County. 
The inain line continues its southeasterly course 
toward the Snake River, one of the notable 
streams of the West and a principal tributary 
of the great Columbia. The 
1,624 miles from St. Paul. "^®^' ^^ crosscd at Riparia, 

Altitude, S4g feet. 1 , • .1 , r ■. 

about nine miles west of its 
junction with the Palouse. The country along 
the banks of the Snake River is famous as a 
fruit section. Between Riparia, Wash., and 
Lewiston, Idaho, a distance of eighty miles, the 
banks are dotted with fruit farms. This sec- 
tion includes some 5,000 acres of irrigable land, 
with 2,000 aci"es in orchards, tw^o-thirds of which 
are in bearing. Steamers run from Riparia 
to Lewiston and interme- 
diate points, connecting with 
the railway at Riparia.-^ 
The peach is the fruit-j 
that, above all 




"Pillars of Hercules" — Columbia Riuer 

175 



GREA T NOR THERN RA IL IV A V 

that do well are pears, cherries, apricots, plums, 

prunes, apples, grapes, strawberries, blackberries, 

etc. Melons and early vegetables are raised in 

wagon loads. All of these fruits and vegetables 

are of the very finest quality, and are readily 

sold at the highest prices. After crossing the 

vSnake River the railway still runs south through 

the Columbia country. At Starbuck a branch 

breaks off to the east to 
STARBUCK ^ ■ n ^ ^A r , 

1,632 miles from St. Paul. Pomeroy, lu Garfield County, 
e, 45 ee . j^ ^-^^ hazc to the southeast 

lie the Blue Mountains, the corner stone of this 
part of the State. Forty-seven miles from Star- 
buck the train comes to a stop at Walla Walla, 

the second citv of Eastern 
WALLA WALLA ^^. , . ^ ' ^ ^ 

1,679 miles from St. Paul. Washmgton, Spokane alone 

Altitude, Q20 feet. -, . ■> t j? -j. rrvi ■ 

^ being ahead of it. This is 

one of the oldest settled and most productive 
parts of the Northwest. Walla Walla, which is 
said to mean "many waters," "valley of waters," 
or "meeting of rivers," has also been called 
the Garden City, and well does she merit the 
name. Trees and flowers crowd the streets and 
lawns. The whole valley seems specially de- 
signed to please. Every scene is as pretty as 
it is rich. Walla Walla has over 8,000 popula- 
tion. The county has 20,000 people and an 
assessed valuation of $14,000,000. Near the city 
is a government military post, where are usually 
stationed five troops of cavalry. The city is 
the seat of the Whitman Congregational College 
and a Second Adventist College. It has two 
daily papers, and is altogether a city typical of 
176 



I 



ACROSS AMERICA 




)\Dilensburg'5,'fef<J'«>!3ui( Rapida 



>«v-l'i!!gD^ ^-' ^^^^^^TJboJ of Priea. 



Head of Pj^esiRapida 

Connel c 






iirS£. 






Mt W Isot^i^'^ _-^°(/ \<f 



Rand. ^cNally & Co. 



I Western push and energy. From Walla Walla 

the line of the railroad runs almost due west, 

parallel with and a few miles from the southern 

boundary of Washington. The route lies along 

_,,,,, a the valley of the Walla 

'aLUJLA 

1,711 miles from St. Paul. Walla River, which is 

Altitude, 327 feet. 

crossed and recrossed 

several times. At Wallula the railway 

reaches the giant Columbia, the 

greatest river of the West 

and one of the great 

rivers of the world. 

From this point to 




V: 
I 



*^W^ri^ __ 







'he Railway Folhiis Every 
Vinding of the Mighty Columbia 



Portland, a dis- 
tance of 200 
miles, the track 
follows every 
winding of the 
mighty stream. 
Between 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



U/nATlLLA Umatilla and' the next stop, 

i,7^S miles from St. Paul, t • j.i j. 

Altitude, 300 feet. Jumper, the route crosses 

the State line, and henceforth passengers are 
in the State of Washington. The Columbia 
River is the dividing line from this point to 
the Pacific Ocean, the south bank being Ore- 
gon and the north Washington. At Umatilla, 
fifty-nine miles from Wallula, a branch of 
the O. R. & N. Co. leads away to the south 
and east, to Pendleton and other important 
points. There are a series of rapids at Umatilla 
which are a precursor of the wilder cascades 
farther on. Just after leaving Uinatilla the 
river of the same name is crossed, an important 
stream which drains a large area of country. 




CASTLE ROCK 



1,763 miles from St. Pau 
Altitude, 24S feet. 



Castie Rock " — Columbia R'wer. 

At Castle Rock is a curious 
rock formation, one of the 



inany fantastic forms which are so numerous 

from now on along this wonderful river. At 

17 S 



ACROSS AMERICA 
>PNER (JUNCTION Heppner Junction will be 

1,772 miles from St. Paul. j.- -i ,i i -, -, 

Altitude, 241 feet. noticed another branch, and 

the last one before reaching- Portland, of the 

varied network of track that 

belongs to the system of 

the Oregon Railroad 

& Navigation 

Company. 




Cape Horn — Columbia Riuer. 

^ILLOWS After leaving Willows the 

1,774 miles from St. Paul. t^i,„ t^ 1 t^ /~m ^ 

Altitude, 234 feet. J ohn Day and Des Chutes 

=iLjj^Q rivers are cro.ssed. At Celilo, 

1,824 miles from St. Paul. loo miles from Portland, are 

Altitude, 160 feet. 

located the Celilo Falls, vis- 
^ LLcb "l^lg £j.Qj^ ^YiQ windows of the 

1,836 miles from St. Paul. 

Altitude, 106 feet. train, and at the Dalles, twelve 

miles farther, the route approaches the wildest 
and most romantic mountain and river scenery. 
Here the mile-wide river is narrowed between 
giant walls of volcanic rock to a few yards. 
The tremendous volume of water boils and 
rages in fury against the unyielding granite, 
furnishing for two and a half miles a panorama 
of indescribable beauty. During a June freshet 
the water has been known to rise in this gorge 
126 feet. 

179 



GREA T NORTHERN RAIL WA V 




From the Dalles, Mount Hood (altitude 11,225 
feet) is a splendid sight as it raises its snow- 
crowned crest into the blue southern sky. This 
magnificent peak is now constantly in view at 
inany points as the train curves around the pic- 
turesque rock points that lie all along the river 
from here to Portland. To the north, across 
the river, Mount Adams, altitude 12,470 feet; 
Mount St. Helens, 9,759 feet, ^^^<^^^.^ 

and Mount Rainier, ^.V^^^^-s^*^-?; 

14,444 feet, raise their 
lofty snow caps to 
the azure. From Hood 

HOOD RIVER 

1,859 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, loi feet. 

River, sixty-six miles 
froin Portland, stages 
leave for Cloud Cap Inn, 
half way to the summit 
ISO 




ACROSS AMERICA 



of Mount Hood. This is a renowned fruit 

region, " Hood River apples " being- famous for 

, r^ric<z ^^^® ^"^^ ^^^°^- ^^^ Cascade 

h ASCade locks t ^ ■ r ^ c -1 

r,879 miles from St. Paul. Locks, forty-five miles from 
^ " ®' '° ^^ ■ Portland, the United States 

government has expended $20,000,000 in com- 
pleting the locks past the rapids. This is one 

of the notable engineering feats of the time, 

and it is remarkable how few travelers seem 

to fully appreciate the work that is before their 

eyes at this spot. 

From the mighty ridges of the 

Cascade Mountains innumerable 

beautiful cascades fall in fairy 

rainbows. Some of the most 

attractive of these waterfalls 

may be seen from the train. 

Horse Tail Falls, ten miles 

from the Cascades, is the 

first to greet the eye. Two 

miles farther wild, weird 

Oneonta Gorge is passed, 

looking like the Mammoth 

Cave with all its caverns, 

chambers, and galleries, rent 

open by an earthquake and 

tapestried with mosses, ferns, 

and flowers. Just after pass- 
ing Oneonta a lookout should 
NEONTA 
— x,89i mile s from St. Paul, be kept for Multuomah Falls, 

Altitude, 47 feet. g^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 

beautiful waterfalls to be seen anywhere. It 

has been painted, penciled, and sung throughout 

isi 




Oneonta Bluff. 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 



the world. From this point to Portland, thirty- 
two miles, is one bewildering succession of 
precipices towering above the clouds on one 
hand and huge falls 
or rapids of blue- 
green water roaring 4. 
and foaming on the 

BRIDAL VEIL 

1,896 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 46 feet. 

other. Bridal Veil and 
Latourelle Falls are 
scarcely, if at all, less 
lovely than Multno- 
mah. Among the 
most noted and pic- 
turesque crags along 
the line are Rooster 

ROOSTER ROCK 

1,900 miles from St. Paul. 
Altitude, 45 feet. 

Rock, Gibraltar, and 
Castle Rock, huge tes- 
timonials to the titanic 
struggle that took 
place when the Colum- 
bia burst through the 
Cascade Range. Bridal 
Veil Falls are the first 
after leaving Multno- 
mah. Then come the Pillars of Hercules, 
twenty-seven miles from Portland ; Latourelle 
Falls, twenty-six miles; Rooster Rock, twenty-five 
183 




Klultnomah Falls— 810 Feet High. 



ACROSS AMERICA 



l AlRVlEW 

1,903 miles from 
Altitude, 120 feet. 



miles. This last peculiarly shaped rock will 
be noticed just after leaving Brower Station. 

Shortly after leaving Fairview 
St. Paul ^^^ railway edges away from 

the river, and evidences of 
the proximity of a great city are seen on every 
hand. Twelve miles from Portland the Colum- 
bia is joined by the Willamette River, its most 
important tributary. Myriads of steamboats ply 
the river, and ocean vessels from all parts of 
the world sail over its waters. 

The citizens of Portland have expended large 
sums of money on the removal of sand bars 
which occur in the Columbia below the mouth 
of the Willamette ; these sand bars formerly 
interfered with navigation to a considerable 
extent. This expenditure is characteristic of 
Portland people. They became tired of waiting 
for the small appropriations made by the general 
government, and raised the money for the neces- 
sary improvements themselves. 




183 



>ORTLAND 



ACROSS AMERICA 

Portland, although an inland 

A^dmdty'frt^'-^''"^- city, is visited by ships flying 
Population, 9s,ooo. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ maritime 

nations. At tide-water it has the greatest water 
power in the world. Its background is the 
greatest forest in America ; adjacent to its busi- 




Morrison Street, Portland. 

ness center is an immense deposit of iron ore ; 
its tributary country contains mines which annu- 
ally produce millions in gold and silver ; the 
finest fresh-water fisheries in the world are at 
its doors. Portland, in fact, is the focal point 
of a country possessing, its citizens aver, a 
greater diversity of valuable resources than 
any other in the United States. The growth 
1S5 



GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 






of Portland is due to natural causes ; the real- 
estate boom has never forced its advancement. 
The causes 
which combine 
to make it the 
metropolis of a 
1,000-mile area 
are alone re- 
sponsible for 
its prosperit}'. 
Its growth 
from a strug- 
gling village in 
1846 to a mag- 
nificent city of 





Chamber of Commerce and Cittj Hall, 
Portland, Oregon 



95,000 inhabitants at the present time has been 
as steady as it has been rapid. 

Scattered through the residence quarter of 
Portland are a number of beantifnl parks, the 
largest of which is the City Park, an enclosure 
containing much natural beauty. Fern-lined 
canyons, forests, ponds, and delightful walks and 
drives, and a fine collection of animals, combine 
1S6 



ACROSS AMERICA 

to make this reservation unusually attractive. 
Nob Hill, the fashionable residence district, con- 
tains many palatial residences, some of which 
occupy an entire block. One of the most attract- 
ive features of Portland is its wealth of roses ; 
they bloom around the cottage of the laborer as 
well as the mansion of the millionaire ; from 
March to December they perfume the air with 
their fragrance. From Portland steamships run 
to Washington, Oregon, and California ocean and 
river ports; to Alaska; to the Hawaiian Islands, 
Japan, and the Orient. It is the metropolis of 
the great empire of Oregon and a worthy twin 
to Seattle, a few miles farther north in the 
adjoining wonderland of Washington. 




Columbia Riuer at Portland. 



187 



REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY. 

For full informaoion a>)out rates and routes, also for illustrated literature 
descriptive of the Northwestern States, maps, folders, etc., apply to any of the 
following named representatives of the railway : 

TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT. 

D. MILLER, Second Vice-President, St. Paul, Minn. 

FRANCIS B. CLARKE. Geiiev.al TrafUc Manager St. Paul, Minn. 

J. VV . BL A BON. Western Traffic Manager Seattle, Wash . 

F. I. WHITNKY, General P.assenger and Ticket Aeent St. Paul, Minn. 

T. B. LYNCH, Assistant General I^assenger ana Ticket Agent St. Paul, Minn. 

G. O. SOMICliS, General Freight Agent St. Paul, Minn, 

W. H. HILL, Assist.aut General Freight Agent St. Paul, Minn. 

A. GRAY. Assistant General Freight Agent Biitte, Mont. 

J. C. F.DEN. General Freight Agent E.astern Railway of Minnesota St. Paul, Minn. 

S. A. SMAliT. General Baggage Agent St. Paul, Minn 

W. J, FOOTNER, Vice-President and Gen'l Manager G. N. Express Co.. St. Paul. Minn. 



GENERAL AND TRAVELING AGENTS. 

BOSTON. Mass., 211 Washington St W. A. SEWARD, General Agent. 

211 Washington St J. L FOG(i. Traveling Agent. 

211 Washington St F. L. SOPER, Traveling Agent. 

BUFFALO, N.Y.,n00 Prudential Bldg....GEO. J'ilGHMY, Jr.,Trav. X^assenger Agent. 
300 Prudential Bldg. , . .H. G. DOW, Traveling Freight Agent. 

BUTTE . Mont, , 11 N. Main St J. E. DAWSON. General Agent. 

CHICAGO, 111., 220 S.Clark St W. M. LOWRIE, General Agent Pass'r Dep't. 

220 S. Clark St MAX BASS. General Immigration Agent. 

220 S. Clark St GEO. G. OKOSE Trav. Pass'r and Im. Agt. 

220 S. Clark St C. W. PITTS. Traveling Passenger Agent. 

220 S. Clark St L. W. CAMPBELL, General A gt. Freight Uep't. 

220 S. Clark St O. L. ALLEN. Traveling Freight Agent. 

CINCINNATI, O., Fifth and Walnut Sts W. J. BYRTH. General Agent. 

Filth and Walnut Sts, I. O. STOUT, Traveling Passenger Agent. 
CLEVELAND, O.,i03 Chamber of Com- 
merce ARTHUR W. STREET, Commercial Agent. 

DES MOINES, Iowa, 401 Walnut Pt W, M. ROMINE, District Pass'r Agent. 

101 Walnut St J. E, GIBSON, Traveling Passenger Agent, 

DETROIT. Mich., Nor. S. S. Co.'s Dock ..C. B. DEAN, General Agent. 
Nor. S. S. Co.'s Dock ..J. T, LEE, Traveling Agent. 
DULUTH, Minn.. 432 West Superior St... T. G. MOONEY, Northern Passenger Agent. 

4,32 West Superior St. .J. A. MICHAELSON, City Pass'r and Tkt. Agt. 
432 West Superior St., J AS. ROBERTSON, Gen'l Agt. Freight Dep't. 
432 West Superior St,. G. M. BRUSH, Traveling Freight Agent. 

FARGO, N. D JI. J. COSTELLO, Traveling Freight Agent.. 

GRAND FORKS, N. D JAS. ROBINSON, Traveling Freight Agent. 

HICLENA, Mont., 10 N. Main St C. E. DUTTON, General Agent. 

J. W. SEARLS, Live Stock Agent. 

KANSAS CITY, Mo., P. O. Box 65 E. C. LEEDY,Trav. Pass, and Immigrat'n Agt. 

LONDON. England, 21 Cockspur St H, G. McMICKEN, European Traffic Agent. 

MILWAUKEE, Wis., 302 Pabst Bldg .TAMES YOUNG. Genpral Agent. 

302 Pabst Bldg E. A. FRADE.NBURGH, Traveling Agent. 

MINNEAPOLIS, Minn, 300 Nicollet Ave, V. D. JONES, City Pass'r .and Ticket Agent. 

300 Nicollet Ave,H. A. KIMBALL, General Agent Freight Dep't. 
MONTREAL,Quebec,17Cl Notre Dame St, W. G. McLEAN, General Agent. 

NKW YORK, .37.5 Bro.adw.ay, S. J. ELLISON, Gen'l Agent Passenger Dep't. 

375 Broadway L. W. LAKE, General Agent Freight Dep't. 

PHILADELPHIA, Pa., 42 S. Third St A. C. HARVEY, District Passenger Agent. 

42 S. Third St J. H. GRACE, General Agent Freight Dep't. 

42 S. Third St GEO. L. WILLIAMS, Trav. Pass'r and Ini. Agt. 

PITT.S.BURG,P,T.902ParkBldg..FifthAve. DELANO LUCE, District Pass'r Agent. 
902 Park Bldg., Fifth Ave.E, B.CLARK, District Freight Agent. 
902 ParkBldg.,FifthAve.J. W. STEVENSON. Traveling Freight Agent. 

PORTLAND, Ore., 122 Third St A. B.C. DENNISTON. City Pass'r & Tkt. Agt. 

122 Third St WM. HARDER, Gen'l Agt. Freight Dep't. 

SANFRANCISCO,CaL,llMontgm'ySt..E. S. BLAIR. Gener.al Agent. 

O. P. SPAULDING, Trav. Frt. and Pass'r Agt. 

SEATTLE. Wash., 612 First Ave. . R. C, STEVENS. General West'n Pass'r Agent. 

B12 First Ave J. A. MILLER, General Agent Freight Dep't. 

012 First Ave S. G. YERKES, City Pass'r and Tkt. Agent. 

612 First Ave R. CUNNINGHAM, Trav. P.ass'r Agent. 

SPOKANE, Wash.. 701 W. Riverside Av.H. A. JACKSON. Commercial Agent. 

701 W. Riverside Av.GEO. H. WILLIAMS, Traveling Agent. 
ST. LOUIS, Mo.,CarletonBUlg,,Cor.6th 

and Olive Sts W.J. EVANS. General Agent. 

Carletun Bldg., Cor. 6th 

and Olive Sts A. E. WARD, Traveling Agent. 

ST. PAUL, Minn., 199 E. 3d St W.J. DCJTCH, City Passenger and Ticket Agt. 

Cor.3dSt.and B'way..O. THORriON, Traveling Pass'r Agent. 
Cor, 3d St, and B'vvaiy. .MOSES FOLSOM, Immigration Agent. 

199 E. Third St ,' , , , C D. THO MPSON. Gen'l A gent Freight Dept. 

Cor. 3dSt. andB'way..H. B. BltlGGS, Traveling Freight Agetit. 
Cor. 3d St. and B'way .W. J. MAGNER, Traveling Freight Agent, 

TACOMA. Wash., 11 16 Pacific Ave CHAS, WURTELE, Agent, 

TORONTO. Ont., 6 King St. West C.W. GRAVES, Dist. Freight and Pass'r Agt. 

VANCOUVER, B.C F. J. W HKE I, ER, General Agent. 

VICTOKIA. i;. C J. H. ROGERS. Agent. 

WALi.A WALLA. W.ash J. C. MACKINNON, Traveling Freight Agent. 

W EST SUPERIOR, Wis., 813 Tower Av . . W. K, ADAMS. Citv Passenger and Ticket Agt. 
WINNIPEG, M.an.. 508 Main St R. J, SMITH, Dist. Freight and Pass'r Agt. 



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